LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIFT  OF 

MRS.  HEARST 

Class 


DANGERS    TO    HEALTH. 


"  In  matters  of  prevention,  knowledge  is  power.' 

DR.  BUBDON  SANDERSON, 

Harveian  Oration. 

"A  few  scratches  with  a  pen  are  better  than  whole  pages  of 

the  most  elaborate  description. "  MRS.  JAMESON, 

Legends  of  Ike  Madonna, 

"  Segnius  irritant  animos  demissa  per  aurem 
"Quam  qua?  sunt  oculis  subjecta  fidelibus." 

Hor.  Epist.  ad  Phone*,  I.  180. 

"  Things  by  the  ear  received  men's  minds  excite 
"  Much  less  than  when  submitted  to  the  sight ; 
"  For  the  spectator,  with  his  trusty  eyes, 
"  To  his  own  mind  impressions  best  applies." 

Translated  by  ANDREW  WOOD,  M.D. 


DANGERS  TO  HEALTH 


A    PICTORIAL    GUIDE 


TO 


DOMESTIC 


SANITARY     DEFECTS, 


BY 


T.    PRIDGIN    TEALE,    M.  A., 


SURGEON  TO  THE  GENERAL  INFIRMARY  AT   LEEDS. 


FOURTH  EDITION. 

c  £j 


NEW    YORK: 
D.    APPLETON  &   Co.,   BOND   STREET, 

1833. 


rjt 


DEDICATED 

TO 

THE    MEDICAL    PROFESSION, 

whose  members,  in  the  matter  of  health,  public  and  private, 
have  deemed  it  their  duty — not  only  to  restore,  but  to 
conserve, — not  only  to  remedy,  but  to  prevent, — not  only 
to  place  their  labours  at  the  service  of  present  suffering, 
but,  pointing  out  through  evil  report  and  good  report 
the  sources  of  such  suffering,  to  spend  their  energies 
in  averting  some  of  the  thousand  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to. 


125949 


PREFACE 

TO 

THE     THIED     EDITION. 


"Were  any  testimony  needed  to  shew  the  increasing 
interest  taken  by  the  public  in  such  common-place  matters  as 
drains  and  waste-pipes,  it  is  to  be  found  in  the  fact,  that  in 
two  years  and  a  half  two  editions  of  such  a  work  on  the 
subject  as  the  present  have  been  exhausted. 

The  interval  which  has  elapsed  since  the  publication  of 
the  first  edition  has  given  me  increased  opportunities  of 
acquiring  information  about  drainage  defects.  In  fact,  I 
have  been  a  sort  of  centre  to  which  such  information  has 
gravitated,  and  many  of  my  friends  and  professional 
brethren  tell  me  with  pride  and  evident  satisfaction  of 
their  sanitary  discoveries,  feeling  that  they  were  conferring 
upon  me  a  welcome  favour  by  telling  me  of  some  "  new 
fault  "  for  my  book. 

In  this  manner  the  material  has  been  gathered  for  the 
increase  of  the  number  of  plates  from  55  to  70,  and  for  the 
replacement  of  six  of  the  old  ones  by  new  ones.  Some 
additional  "defects"  which  I  could  not  render  in  picture 
without  increasing  the  price  of  the  book,  some  also  which 
defied  my  attempts  to  translate  into  a  picture,  are  described 
at  the  end  of  the  book,  catalogue  fashion.  By  these 
additions  I  hope  to  have  in  some  measure  achieved  the 


Vlll. 

object  which.  I  set  before  me,  and  to  have  made  the  work  a 
nearly  exhaustive  catalogue  of  sanitary  defects,  so  that  if 
ever  a  householder,  architect,  or  sanitary  engineer,  having 
searched  for  ordinary  defects,  has  failed  to  detect  the  fault,  he 
may  use  this  hook  as  a  sampler  by  which  to  test  the  presence 
or  absence  of  extraordinary  ones. 

If  in  any  case  my  reader  or  critic  knows  of  important 
defects  which  are  not  here  recorded,  or  has  better  advice 
to  give,  let  me  say  with  Horace  : 

"  Si  quid  novisti  rectius  istis 
"  Candidus  imperti,  si  non,  his  utere  mecum." 

Ep.  /.,  vi.t  67. 

Or  in  the  words  of  my  friend  the  late  Dr.  Andrew  Wood  : 

"  If  precepts  better  you  should  know, 
"  On  me  them  candidly,  I  pray,  bestow  ; 
"  But  if  with  my  instructions  you  agree, 
"  Afc  once  adopt  and  practise  them  with  me." 

Lastly,  let  me  express  my  great  obligations  to  those  who 
have  kindly  contributed  information  on  which  this  enlarged 
edition  is  based,  to  Mr.  Burton  the  lithographer,  whose  skill 
and  care  have  again  been  at  my  service,  and  to  my  friend 
Mr.  E.  N.  Hartley,*  who  has  given  me  much  help  and  many 
suggestions  in  carrying  this  edition  through  the  press. 


LEEDS,  June,  1881. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 


When,  two  years  ago,  yielding  to  the  urgent  request  of  the 
Rev.  J.  H.  McCheane,  President  of  the  Leeds  Philosophical 
and  Literary  Society,  I  undertook  to  read  a  lecture  before 
that  Society,  and  chose  as  the  subject  "  Dangers  to  Health  in 
our  own  Houses,"  I  little  thought  of  publishing  a  book,  still 
less  an  illustrated  book,  on  a  subject  which  at  first  sight  may 
appear  to  be  outside  the  lines  of  my  strictly  professional  work. 
However,  the   truth  of  the  matter  is  this,   that  having 
discovered  and  rectified    one   by  one    numerous   defects   of 
drainage  in  my  own  house,  and  in  property  under  my  charge, 
and  having  further  traced  illness   amongst  my  patients  to 
scandalous  carelessness  and  gross  dishonesty  in  drain  work,  I 
became  indignantly  alive  to  the  fact  that  very  few  houses  are 
safe  to  live  in.     Moreover,  the  conviction  struck  deeply  into 
my  mind  that  probably  one-third,  at  least,  of  the  incidental 
illness  of  the  kingdom,  including  perhaps  much  of  childbed 
illness,  and  some  of  the  fatal  results  of  surgical  operations  in 
hospitals  and  private  houses,  ("surgical  calamities"  Sir  James 
Paget  would  call  them,)    are  the  direct   result  of  drainage 
defects,  and  therefore   can  be    and   ought  to   be   prevented. 
"  Preventive  medicine"  has  long  been  proclaiming  such  facts, 
and  long  have  we  turned  a  deaf  ear,  and  we  of  the  medical 
profession  in  general  are  only  just  beginning  to  see  the  great 
reality  of  her  teaching. 

If  any  one  challenges  this  assertion  in  reference  to  my  own 
profession,  I  will  reply  by  the  inquiry — How  many  medical 
men  can  he  tell  me  of  who  understand  the  sanitary  condition 
of  their  own  house,  or  have  adequately  ascertained  that  those 
conditions  are,  as  far  as  our  knowledge  at  present  goes,  free 
from  dangers  to  health  ?  If  by  any  possibility  it  could  be 


X. 


brought  about  that  every  medical  man  in  the  kingdom  should 
realise  the  necessity  for  looking  into  the  state  of  his  own  house, 
and  act  upon  that  conviction,  I  feel  certain  that  the  discovery 
would  be  made  in  so  great  a  proportion  of  instances  that  they 
were  living  over  pent-up  pestilence  that  we  should  at  once 
have  an  army  of  sanitarians  earnest  and  keen  to  ferret  out 
unsuspected  sources  of  illness.  I  take  it  that  not  a  little  of 
the  lively  interest  recently  aroused  in  Leeds  in  sanitary  work 
may  be  traced  to  the  fact  that  many  of  the  medical  men  of  this 
town  have  recently  gone  into  the  question  of  the  sanitation  of 
their  houses,  and  have  thereby  become  more  keenly  alive  to 
possible  sources  of  illness  among  their  patients. 

Hence  it  came  about  that  the  lecture  was  given  which  was 
the  forerunner  of  this  book.  The  lecture  was  delivered  by 
request  six  times  in  Leeds,  once  in  Knaresbro,'  and  once  in 
Shipley.  It  was  published  by  request  of  the  Leeds  Philosophical 
Society,  and  has  had  an  extensive  circulation. 

The  interest  taken  in  the  lecture  and  the  comments  and 
discussion  to  which  it  gave  rise  taught  me  two  things : 

Firstly,  that  if  we  are  ever  to  have  sound  sanitary  legislation, 
if  we  are  ever  to  have  our  sanitary  arrangements  carried  out 
in  first-rate  workmanship,  it  must  be  by  the  education  of  the 
public  in  the  details  of  domestic  sanitary  matters,  so  that, 
realising  their  vital  importance,  knowing  what  ought  to  be 
avoided,  and  able  to  judge  of  the  correctness  and  quality  of 
work  done,  they  may  demand  and  so  obtain  first-rate 
workmanship. 

When  disease  arises  which  we  call  "  preventable,"  depend 
upon  it  some  one  ought  to  have  prevented  it. 

This  book  will  shew  work  defective  from  ignorance,  and  work 
defective  from  dishonesty.  Probably  no  work  done  throughout 
the  kingdom  is  so  badly  done  as  work  in  houses,  drains, 
and  pipes,  which  is  out  of  sight.  Probably  no  work  is  better 
done  in  the  kingdom  than  the  locomotives  turned  out  for  our 
railways,  or  the  machinery  which  we  send  to  all  parts  of  the 
world.  Are  the  working  men  less  honest  in  the  one  case  than 


XI. 

in  the  other  ?  I  trow  not.  The  difference  is  this :  Necessity 
in  the  one  case  compels  good  work ;  indifference  and  ignorance 
in  the  other  case  allow  bad  work  to  pass  unchallenged.  If  the 
platelayer  were  so  to  fix  his  rails  that  they  would  not 
correspond,  and  the  next  engine  were  thrown  off  the  line,  and 
death  were  the  result,  an  inquest  would  be  held,  and  that 
platelayer  would  be  committed  for  manslaughter.  Is  there 
any  great  difference  in  the  case  where  one  drain  pipe 
misses  another,  or  ends  in  nothing,  and  in  a  few  weeks,  is  the 
cause  of  death  from  typhoid  fever  ?  The  excuse  at  present  is 
that  the  drain  layer  does  not  know  how  certainly  he  is  laying 
the  foundation  of  illness  and  death.  Disperse  that  ignorance, 
and  the  excuse  will  be  gone.  If  the  tire  of  the  locomotive 
breaks,  and  throws  a  train  off  the  line,  the  railway  company 
goes  to  the  maker  of  the  engine,  the  maker  of  the  engine  to  the 
maker  of  the  tire,  the  maker  of  the  tire  to  his  books,  and  there 
learns  the  name  of  each  foreman,  and,  I  believe,  of  each 
workman,  through  whose  hand  the  tire  passed.  Why  can 
we  not  achieve  the  same  connected  responsibility  about  our 
drains  ? 

Secondly,  it  struck  me  that  there  was  need  of  some  work  of 
which  the  aim  should  be  to  teach  in  as  simple,  telling,  and 
unmistakeable  a  way  as  possible  the  faults  of  sanitary 
construction  which  it  is  within  the  power  of  landlord  and 
tenant,  as  distinct  from  the  public  authorities,  to  remedy  and 
avoid.  This  latter  point  was  pressed  upon  me  by  friends  who 
took  interest  in  the  original  lecture. 

The  design  therefore  which  I  have  set  before  me  is  this,  to 
represent  pictorially  every  important  fault  to  which  domestic 
sanitary  arrangements  are  liable,  so  far  at  least  as  my 
information  avails  me,  or,  in  the  words  suggested  by  a 
medical  friend,  to  produce  "  a  clinical  history  of  the  defects 
to  which  drains  are  liable,"  and  to  point  out  the  consequences 
of  such  defects  by  instances  of  the  illness  produced  thereby. 

In  designing  the  illustrations  one  object  has  been  kept 
steadily  in  view,  viz,,  to  give  the  most  forcible  expression  I 


Xll. 


possibly  could  of  the  fact  which  had  to  be  told,  even  at  the 
sacrifice,  if  need  be,  of  correct  proportion,  correct  drawing,  or  cor- 
rect perspective.  This  must  be  my  general  apology  for  the  many 
points  in  which  the  drawings  are  open  to  unfavourable  criticism. 

The  points  in  each  illustration  to  which  attention  has  to  be 
attracted  are  drawn  in  strong  lines,  so  that  the  eye  may  fix 
upon  them  first,  and  the  lines  which  complete  the  story  are 
drawn  more  faintly.  The  course  and  escape  of  sewer  gases 
are  indicated  by  blue  arrows.  "Water  in  traps,  water  rendered 
impure  by  access  of  sewer  gases,  sewage  matter  in  drains,  and 
matter  escaping  from  drains  is  also  in  blue. 

If  it  should  seem  to  anyone  that  the  book  is  defective  in 
that  it  rarely  teaches  how  the  various  defects  ought  to  be 
rectified,  my  answer  is  this : — 

Firstly r,  that,  when  we*  have  discovered  what  is  wrong,  we 
are  more  than  half  way  to  what  is  right. 

Secondly,  that  in  pointing  out  what  is  wrong,  I  am  dealing 
with  matters  which  cannot  be  questioned — with  established 
and  accepted  principles.  No  one  can  question  the  fact  of  "  a 
leaky  joint/7  "  a  broken  pipe,"  or  "  a  drain  running  up-hill  " 
being  faulty.  But  in  advising  what  ought  to  be  done,  I 
should  be  in  danger  of  going  beyond  my  depth,  of  trenching 
upon  the  province  of  experts,  officers  of  health  and  sanitary 
engineers,  and  I  should  be  touching  on  matters  concerning 
which  there  may  be  various  solutions,  various  opinions,  and 
changes  in  course  of  time.  What  is  best  to-day  may  be 
superseded  by  what  is  still  better  to-morrow.  If  in  any  case 
I  point  out  the  remedy  for  a  fault  it  is  rather  with  the  object, 
either  by  contrast  to  produce  a  more  vivid  impression  of  the 
original  fault,  or  to  give  a  standard  below  which  the  remedy 
ought  not  to  fall.  Moreover,  in  most  instances  where  a  remedy 
is  suggested,  a  standard  authority  is  cited  for  the  practice. 

The  illustrations  are  planned  so  that  each,  as  a  rule, 
represents  a  single  defect,  and  they  are  arranged  so  that  the 
more  common  and  obvious  faults  of  ordinary  drains  come  first, 
those  which  are  less  obvious,  more  rare,  and  more  difficult  to 


Xlll. 

discover  come  next,  then  some  of  the  rascalities  of  dishonest 
builders  are  portrayed,  lastly  there  are  added  drawings  as 
hints  on  ventilation,  and  on  the  exclusion  of  dirt  from  town 
houses  and  closed  cases. 

It  is  but  just  that  I  should  acknowledge  the  kind  aid  without 
which  I  could  not  have  obtained  the  knowledge  or  have 
produced  the  quality  of  illustrations  contained  in  this  book. 
My  thanks  are  due — 

Firstly,  to  MR.  C.  E.  CHORLEY,  Architect,  of  Leeds,  who 
has  superintended  the  sanitary  alterations  of  my  own  house, 
has  informed  me  of  many  common  defects,  and  contributed 
some  of  the  sketches  from  his  own  experience. 

Secondly,  to  MR.  EGBERT  SLATER,  Sanitary  Inspector,  of 
Headingley  Hill,  who  has  executed  all  my  sanitary  plumbing, 
has  instructed  me  in  the  defects  of  plumbing  and  drains,  and 
has  informed  me  of  defects  which  he  has  discovered  in  the 
various  houses,  which,  owing  to  illness  and  other  reasons,  he 
has  been  called  upon  to  inspect. 

Thirdly,  to  MR.  Gr.  W.  FOSTER,  Artist,  of  Headingley,  who 
has  thrown  some  of  my  sketches  into  an  artistic  form :  and 
lastly,  to  MR.  WM.  BURTON,  Lithographer,  who  has  executed 
the  drawings  on  stone  with  the  greatest  pains  and  care,  and  has 
given  an  artistic  finish  to  my  otherwise  crude  sketches. 

If  the  object  aimed  at  has  been  in  some  degree  achieved,  it 
may  be  hoped  that  this  work  may  be  of  service — 

To  the  householder,  who  is  anxious  to  learn  whether 
his  house  is  safe  from  drainage  dangers  or  not,  so  that,  aided 
by  the  diagrams,  he  may  test  every  sanitary  point,  one  by  one, 
and,  as  he  goes  round  book  in  hand,  may  catechise  his  plumber, 
his  mason,  or  his  joiner.  This  is  the  chief  aim  of  the  book. 

To  the  landlord,  who  may  learn  thereby,  if  he  does 
not  realise  them  already,  his  responsibilities  as  to  the  health 
and  lives  of  his  tenants,  and  may  feel  that  to  save  money  by 
scamping  drainage  is  "  manslaughter  under  an  alias" 

To  the  medical  attendant,  who  may  point  to  the 
pictures  in  the  book,  in  order  to  strike  conviction  into  the 


XIV. 


minds  of  his  patients  of   the  sure  connection   between  bad 
drainage  and  ill  health. 

To  the  architect  who  may  learn  how  by  every  sanitary 
detail  which  he  designs  amiss,  or  by  oversight  allows  to  be 
badly  carried  out,  he  is  opening  a  door  for  illness  to  the  future 
occupant  of  the  house. 

To  the  officer  of  health,  who  may  appeal  to  the 
drawings  to  enforce  his  warnings  of  the  dangers  involved  in 
faulty  drains. 

To  those  entering  a  new  house,  that  they  may  be 
forewarned  of  the  risks  they  run  if  they  take  the  sanitary 
arrangements  of  a  house  on  trust. 

To  those  about  to  build,  that  they  may  know  what 
to  avoid,  and  what  to  look  after,  and  may  be  able  to  discuss 
intelligently  with  their  architect,  builder,  and  plumber, 
those  vital  points  of  construction  on  which  the  health  of 
themselves  and  their  family  will  depend. 

To  Town  councillors  and  members  of  local  boards  of 
health,  that  they  may  checkmate  any  of  their  colleagues  who 
may  have  been  elected  to  office  in  order  to  hamper  or  impede 
expenditure  on  sanitary  work. 

To  public  opinion,  as  one  agent  among  many  by 
which  it  is  rapidly  being  matured,  and  prepared  to  support 
when  the  proper  time  arrives  genuine  sanitary  legislation, 
and  to  demand  of  architects,  builders,  and  plumbers,  honest 
trustworthy  drain  work — work  in  matters  affecting  health  as 
sound  and  as  perfect  as  is  now  demanded  and  obtained 
in  locomotives,  machinery,  and  engineering. 

Finally,  let  me  say  how  fully  aware  I  am  that  it  is 
impossible  in  this  book  to  include  all  known  defects  of  drains, 
and  that  many  omissions,  probably  important  ones,  will  be 
discovered.  Still,  I  trust,  in  a  future  edition,  to  be  able  to 
remedy  any  serious  omissions  which  friends  or  critics  may 
point  out  to  me. 

Leeds,  November,  1878. 


XV. 

TABLE   OF  CONTENTS. 

PLATE.  

1. — House  with  every  sanitary  arrangement  faulty. 

2. — House  with  faulty  arrangements  avoided. 

3. — Flame  at  the  keyhole,  and  its  lessons. 

4.  —Waste-pipe  of  kitchen  sink  untrapped. 

5. — Kitchen  sink  trapped,  discharging  into  gulley. 

6. — Kitchen  sink  passing  untrapped  into  soil-pipe, 

7. — Defects  in  lavatories  and  baths. 

8. — "  Unsyphoned  "  traps. 

9. — Disused  traps.     Evaporation. 

10.—  Lavatory  with  overflow  joining  waste  below  trap. 
11. — Waste-pipe  of  lavatory  in  dressing-room  passing  untrapped 

into  soil-pipe. 

12.  -  Bedroom  lavatory  trapped,  discharging  into  soil-pipe. 
13. — Housemaid's  sink  passing  untrapped  into  soil-pipe. 
14. — Cistern  feeding  kitchen  boiler.     Overflow  untrapped. 
15.  — Waste  of  bath  and  sink  cut  off,  and  left  open  to  the  drain. 
16. — Fall-pipe  carried  inside  house  to  a  drain,  and  leaking. 
17. — Fall  and  ventilating  pipe  opening  near  window. 
18. — Vicious  ventilation  of  drains. 
19.— "  Rats  and  the  tale  they  tell" 
20. — W.C.  faulty,  and  with  faults  corrected. 
21. — The  "  pan  closet "  and  its  substitute 
22. — "  Save-all"  under  w.c.  passing  direct  into  soil-pipe. 
23. — Soil-pipe  in  wall  of  sitting-room. 
24. — Leaden  soil-pipe  seamed  and  rotten. 
25. — Scullery  sink  discharging  over  dish-stone. 
26. — Dish-stone  admitting  drain  gas  into  larder. 
27. — "  Dairy  sweepings." 
28. — Dish-stone  leading  into  tank  under  floor. 
29. — Sink-pipe  discharging  into  tank  in  cellar. 
30. — "  Sounding  "  for  suspected  tanks  or  cesspools 
31. — Rain-water  cisterns  and  their  dangers. 
32. — "  How  people  drink  sewage,"  No.  I. 
33. — "  How  people  drink  sewage,"  No.  II. 
34. — "  How  people  drink  sewage,"  No.  III. 
35, — Cesspool  overflowing  into  a  tank. 

36.  — Dampness  of  house — overflow  of  cesspool. 


Xvi.  TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 

PLATE. 

37. — New  buildings  over  old  drains. 

38.—"  Where  is  the  butler  1  " 

39. — Well  under  house  fouled  by  leaking  soil-pipe. 

40. — Square  drain  leaking  under  a  tiled  hall. 

41. — Joints  opened  by  settling  of  foundations. 

42. — "  Poisoned  by  next  door  neighbour's  drains." 

43. — "  Jerry  "  builder  buying  "  seconds." 

44. — Drain  made  of  "  seconds." 

45.—"  Putty  Joints." 

46.— Curves  made  by  straight  pipes. 

47. — Faulty  junctions, 

48. — Pipes  laid  with  flange  downwards. 

49. — Drain  running  up  hill. 

50. — «  Disconnected  and  disconnected." 

51. — «  To  be  continued  in  our  next.'' 

52. — Drain  "  taking  "  a  rock;  sewage  " refusing." 

53. — Economy  in  digging  at  expense  of  "fall." 

54. — «  Six-inch  "  pipe  between  two  "  four-inch  "  pipes. 

55. — Mortar  and  plaster  from  road-scrapings. 

56. — "  Terrace  of  the  future  on  the  refuse  of  the  past." 

57. — Hunting  for  drains — no  plans. 

58. — Drain  blocked  by  roots  of  trees. 

59. — Cesspools  under  London  houses. 

60. — Soakings  from  churchyard  fouling  vicarage. 

61. — Slop-water  lodging  unsuspected  in  cellar. 

62. — Villa  at  a  Mediterranean  "  health  resort." 

63. — An  "  eligible  mansion  "  let  for  the  summer. 

64. — A  Highland  shooting-box. 

65. — Manure  heap  piled  against  wall  of  house. 

66. — A  hint  on  vaccination. 

67. — Poisonous  wall-papers. 

68. — Ventilation  without  dirt. 

69. — Dust  in  cases  and  how  to  exclude  it. 

70. — Window  ventilator  in  roof  of  brougham 

PAGE. 

146._Additional  Faults. 

157. — Appendix,  "  Bye-Laws." 
xvii. — Sanitary  Maxims. 
Index. 


xvu. 


SANITARY    MAXIMS. 


1. — It  is  the  duty  of  every  householder  to  ascertain  for 
himself  whether  his  own  house  be  free  or  not  from  well  known 
dangers  to  health. 

2. — This  duty,  imperative  at  all  times,  is  of  surpassing 
urgency  in  a  house  where  a  woman  is  about  to  become  a 
mother  or  a  surgical  operation  is  about  to  be  performed. 

3. — As  a  rule  the  soundness  of  the  sanitary  arrangements 
of  a  house  is  taken  for  granted,  and  never  questioned  until 
"  drain-begotten  "  illness  has  broken  out.  In  other  words, 
we  employ  illness  and  death  as  our  drain  detectives. 

4. — Whenever  gas  from  sewers,  or  the  emanations  from  a 
leaking  drain,  a  cesspool,  or  a  fouled  well  make  their  way 
into  a  house,  the  inmates  are  in  imminent  danger  of  an 
outbreak  of  typhoid  fever,  diphtheria,  or  other  febrile  ailment 
classed  together  under  the  term  "  zymotic,"  not  to  speak  of 
minor  illness,  and  depressed  vitality,  the  connection  of  which 
with  sewer  gas  is  now  fully  established.  Sewer  gas  enters  a 
house  most  rapidly  at  night  when  outer  doors  and  windows 
are  shut,  and  is  then  perhaps  most  potent  in  contaminating 
the  meat,  the  milk,  and  the  drinking  water,  and  in  poisoning 
the  inmates. 

5. — The  more  complete  and  air-tight  the  public  sewers  of 
a  town,  the  greater  the  danger  to  every  house  connected 
with  such  sewers,  if  the  internal  drain  pipes  of  the  house  be 
unsound,  and  not  disconnected.  In  houses  so  ^disconnected 
sewer  air  is  "  laid  on  "  as  certainly  for  the  detriment  of  healtfy 
as  coal  gas  for  illumination ;  and  you  can  turn  off  coal  gas  at 
the  meter. 


XV111. 

6. --Every  hotel  throughout  the  kingdom,  and  in  our 
watering  places  every  house  let  as  lodgings,  ought  to  have 
its  sanitary  arrangements  periodically  inspected,  and  duly 
licensed. 

7. — A  house  in  which  children  and  servants  are  often 
ailing  with  sore  throat,  headache,  or  diarrhoea  is  probably 
wrong  in  its  drainage. 

8. — Scamped  drain-work  is  one  of  the  most  dangerous 
of  the  sanitary  flaws  of  new  buildings  ;  it  is  also  one  of  the 
most  common,  and  one  of  the  most  difficult  to  detect,  and  is 
rarely  found  out  except  by  means  of  the  illness  it  produces. 
j  9. — If  you  are  about  to  buy  or  to  rent  a  house,  be  it  new, 
or  be  it  old,  take  care  before  you  complete  your  bargain  to 
ascertain  the  soundness  of  its  sanitary  arrangements  with  no 
less  care  and  anxiety  than  you  would  exercise  in  testiDg  the 
soundness  of  a  horse  before  you  purchase  it. 

10. — If  you  are  building  a  house,  or  if  you  can  achieve  it 
in  an  old  one,  let  no  drain  be  under  any  part  of  your  house, 
disconnect.^  waste  pipes  and  overflow  pipes  from  the  drains, 
and  place  the  soil  pipe  of  the  w.c.  outside  the  house,  and 
ventilate  it. 

11. — If  there  is  a  smell  of  drains  in  your  house,  or  a  damp 
place  in  a  wall  near  which  a  waste  pipe  or  a  soil  pipe  runs,  or 
a  damp  place  in  the  cellar  or  kitchen  floor  near  a  drain  or  a 
tank,  let  no  -time  be  lost  in  laying  bare  the  pipes  or  drains 
until  the  cause  be  detected. 

12. — If  a  rat  appears  through  the  floor  of  your  kitchen  or 
cellar,  and  a  strong  current  of  air  blows  from  the  rathole  when 
chimneys  are  acting  and  the  windows  and  doors  of  the  house 
are  shut,  feel  sure  that  something  is  wrong  with  a  drain. 

13. — If  you  are  tenants,  and  your  landlord  refuses  to 
remedy  the  evil,  do  it  at  your  own  cost  rather  than  allow  your 
family  to  be  ill. 

/  14. — Many  a  man  who  would  be  aghast  at  the  idea  of 
putting  small  quantities  of  arsenic  into  every  sack  of  flour, 
and  so  by  degrees  killing  himself  and  family,  does  not 


XIX. 

hesitate  to  allow  sewer  gas  to  poison  the  inmates  of  his 
house,  even  in  the  face  of  the  strongest  remonstrances  of  his 
medical  adviser. 

15. — A  landlord  may  reasonably  look  for  interest  on 
money  which  he  spends  for  the  benefit  of  his  tenant ;  but  he  is 
committing  little  short  of  manslaughter  if,  by  refusing  to 
rectify  sanitary  defects  in  his  property,  he  saves  Ms  own  pocket 
at  the  expenses  of  the  health  and  lives  of  his  tenants. 

16. — If  you  be  a  landlord,  don't  intimidate  your  tenants 
or  threaten  to  give  them  notice  to  quit  if  they  complain  of 
defective  drainage  or  sewer  gas  in  the  house. 


NOTE. — Copies  of  these  «*  Maxims"  may  be  obtained  of  the 

"  National  Health  Society,"  Berners  Street,  London.     Price, 

2s.  per  100. 


PLATE    I. 

House  with    every    sanitary    arrangement 

faulty. 


This  plate  is  intended  to  shew  at  one  glance  the  most 
common  sanitary  faults  of  ordinary  houses.  In  subsequent 
plates  each  fault  will,  as  a  rule  for  the  sake  of  clearness,  be 
given  singly,  in  order  that  it  may  be  more  easily  understood. 

A.  Water-closet  in  the  centre  of  the  house. 

B.  House  drain  under  floor  of  a  room. 

C.  Waste-pipe  of  lavatory — untrapped  and  passing  into 

soil-pipe  of  w.c.,  thus  allowing  a  direct  channel  for 
sewer  gas  to  be  drawn  by  the  fires  LL  into  the  house. 

D.  Over-flow  pipe  of  bath  untrapped  and  passing  into 

soil-pipe. 

E.  Waste-pipe  of    bath    untrapped    and    passing  into 

soil-pipe. 

F.  Save-all  tray  below  taps  untrapped  and  passing  into 

soil-pipe. 

Gr.  Kitchen  sink  untrapped  and  passing  into  soil-pipe. 
To  these  might  have  been  added  a  housemaid's  sink. 

H.  Water-closet  cistern  with  overflow  into  soil-pipe  of 
w.c.,  thus  ventilating  the  drain  into  the  roof,  polluting 
the  air  of  the  house,  and  polluting  the  water  in  the 
cistern,  which  also  forms  the  water  supply  of  the 
house  for  drinking  and  washing. 

J.    Rain-water  tank  under  floor,  with  over-flow  into  drain. 

3L  Fall-pipe  conducting  foul  air  from  tank  fouled  by 
drain  gas,  and  delivering  it  just  below  a  window. 

M.  Drain  under  house  with  uncemented  joints  leaking; 
also  a  defective  junction  of  vertical  soil-pipe  with 
horizontal  drain  ;  the  drain  laid  without  proper  fall. 


PLATE    1 


TJrmm 


////¥////  I 

Mi  I 


House  with  every  sanitary  arrangement  faulty. 


PLATE    II. 

House  with  faulty  sanitary  arrangements 
avoided. 

This  plate  is  intended  to  shew  the  reverse  of  the  last,  and 
to  indicate  the  manner  in  which  the  faults  can  be  rectified, 
but  does  not  profess  to  lay  down  a  strict  rule  as  to  the  best 
arrangements. 

A.  Water-closet    against    outer    wall    of    house,    with 
soil-pipe   passing  directly   out   of    the    house,   and 
ventilated  by  a  pipe  continuing  the  soil-pipe  above 
the  eaves,  and  away  from  chimneys  or  windows. 
B.B.  House  drains  entirely  outside  the  house. 

C.  Lavatory, 

D.  Over-flow  of  bath, 

E.  Waste-pipe  of  bath, 

F.  Save-all  tray  of  bath,  and 

Gr.  Kitchen  sink,  to  which  might  be  added  a  housemaid's 
sink,  all  trapped  and  disconnected  from  the  drain,  and 
discharging  into  an  open  gully  trap,  L. 

H.  Over-flow  of  cistern  into  the  open  air.* 

K.  Fa II -pipe  near  bedroom  window  discharging  into 
gully  L. 

M.  Domestic  cistern  distinct  from  w.c.  cistern. 

For  more  exact  drawing  of  w.c.,  vide  Plate  XXI. 

*  Required  by  rule  of  Waterworks  Committee  of  Leeds  Town  Council. 
Building  Bye-Laws  of  Leeds,  33f,  33i,  33j,  40,  53.      Vide  appendix. 


PLATE 


House  with  faulty  arrangements  avoided. 


PLATE    III. 

Flame  of  Candle  at  the  keyhole  and  the 
lessons  it  teaches. 

This  drawing  is  intended  to  enforce  five  lessons  : — 

1st.  That  as  a  rule  no  provision  whatever  is  made  for 
the  air  which  is  to  feed  the  chimney.  An  ordinary  fire 
draws  about  150  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute.  If  the  house 
is  well  built,  and  the  windows,  doors,  and  floor  boards  fit  well, 
the  chimney  smokes,  unless  the  door  or  window  be  open. 

2nd.  That  in  the  absence  of  any  provision  for  the 
admission  of  air,  and  with  the  window  shut,  the  supply  of 
air  comes  from  various  irregular  sources ;  a  small  portion, 
indicated  by  black  arrows,  through  window  chinks  ;  the  main 
portion,  indicated  by  blue  arrows,  through  the  keyhole  and 
crevices  in  the  door  stead,  skirting  boards,  and  floor  boards. 
These  "  irregular  "  streams  of  cold  air  pass  for  the  most  part 
horizontally  towards  the  fire,  and  chill  the  occupants  of  the 
room;  and  the  more  furnace-like  the  fire,  the  stronger  the 
cold  draught  which  traverses  the  room. 

3rd.  That  a  very  moderate  opening  in  the  window  is 
enough  to  stop  all  "  irregular  "  draughts,  the  air  taking  the 
easiest  course,  and  abandoning  circuitous  and  contracted 
channels. 

4th.  That  with  a  window  shut,  the  greater  part  of  the 
chimney  draught  is  supplied  from  the  house,  and  that  if  the 
air  of  the  house  be  "  drain-derived,"  then  "  drain-befouled  " 
air  must  fill  the  room. 

5th.  That  if  illness  "  drain-begotten "  breaks  out  in  a 
"  drain-befouled  "  house,  and  the  patient  cannot  be  removed, 
the  safest  course  will  be  to  open  the  bottom  sash  of  the 
window  to  the  extent  that  will  allow  a  flame  at  the  keyhole 
to  burn  in  repose ;  and  then  to  convert  the  horizontal  draught 
into  a  vertical  one  by  a  board  or  cloth  6  or  8  inches  high, 
fixed  about  2  inches  from  the  window.* 

*  Mr.  F.  Hinckes  Bird  on  Costless  Ventilation.— Builder,  1862. 


PLATE    III 


"A."    Window  shut.     Flame  at  the  keyhole  horizontal. 


11  B."    Window  open.     Flame  at  the  keyhole  in  repose. 


PLATE    IV. 

Waste  pipe  of  kitchen  sink,   untrapped, 
passing  direct   into  drain. 

Here  are  two  faults — one,  the  absence  of  a  syphon  trap, 
which  allows  the  air  of  the  sewer  to  be  drawn  in  full  stream 
by  the  fires  into  the  house,  perhaps  at  the  rate  of  several  cubic 
feet  per  minute,  and  with  a  current  strong  enough  to  blow 
out  a  candle ;  the  other  the  direct,  unbroken  passage  of  the 
pipe  into  the  drain. 

This  is  the  state  of  the  sinks  of  most  cottages  and  houses 
which  have  not  been  recently  built  under  the  rule  of 
"  building  bye-laws  "  of  a  town,  or  have  not  recently  been 
inspected  and  corrected ;  and  is  almost  universal  in  old 
country  houses.  It  is  probably  the  cause  of  head-ache,  sore 
throat,  and  depressed  health  to  many  a  cook,  kitchen-maid, 
and  butler,  and  perhaps  indirectly  leads,  in  not  a  few 
instances,  to  the  use  of  those  treacherous  self-prescribed 
medicines — spirits  and  beer. 


PLATE    IV. 


Waste  Pipe  of  kitchen  sink  untrapped,  passing  direct 
into  drain, 


PLATE    V. 


Kitchen   sink  with   faults   corrected. 

Fault  one  is  corrected  by  a  syphon  trap  A  beneath  the 
sink,  which  prevents  any  current  of  air  being  drawn  into  the 
house  through  the  waste  pipe  from  the  surface  of  the  water 
in  the  gulley. 

Fault  two  is  corrected  by  "  the  waste  pipe  being  taken 
"  through  an  external  wall  of  the  building  into  a  trapped 
"  gulley  grating  "  (B).  Building  bye-laws,  33*. 

What  is  a  Gulley? 

A  Gulley  is  a  receptacle  for  waste  water,  so  contrived  that, 
whilst  it  discharges  its  surplus  water  into  the  drain,  the  sewer 
gas  is  barred  off  from  escape  into  the  gully  by  the  column  of 
water  filling  the  over-flow  pipe  (C) . 

The  gulley  is  covered  by  a  grating,  to  allow  (a)  free  access 
of  air  to  the  surface  of  its  contents,  (6)  the  escape  of  any  sewer 
gas  that  may  be  forced  through  the  trap,  and  (c)  the  necessary 
periodical  cleansing  of  any  deposit  that  may  collect. 


What  is  meant  by  "disconnection  ? " 

A  waste  pipe  is  said  to  be  "  disconnected  "  when,  instead 
of  being  continuous  with  the  drain  pipes,  it  discharges  into  a 
gully,  i.e.,  practically  into  the  open  air. 

In  the  drawing  the  waste-pipe  delivers  into  the  "  gully  " 
below  the  grating,  as  a  precaution  against  frost.  Some 
authorities  insist  upon  the  pipe  delivering  above  the  grating. 

What  is  here  said  of  the  waste-pipe  of  a  sink  equally  applies 
to  the  waste-pipes  of  baths  and  lavatories,  and  housemaids' 
sinks.  For  disconnection  of  w.c.  and  soil  pipe,  see  Plate  XXI. 


10 


PLATE    V 


11 


PLATE    VI. 


Waste  pipe  of  kitchen  sink,   untrapped, 
and    passing   into  soil    pipe. 


This  was  found  in  a  Louse  recently  occupied  by  a  relative 
of  my  own.  The  w.c.  soil  pipe  being  conveniently  near, 
had  been  tapped  by  the  ignorant  or  indolent  plumber  to 
receive  the  waste  pipe. 


12 


PLATE    VI. 


Kitchen  sink  carried  untrapped  into  soil  pipe  of  w.c, 


13 


PLATE    VII. 

Defects   in    lavatories   and    baths,    and 
their  remedies. 


A.  Waste-pipe  of  lavatory,  waste  and  over-flow  pipe  of 
bath,  all  untrapped  and  passing  into  soil-pipe  of  w.c, 

B.  Lavatory  waste-pipe  trapped    and    discharging    into 
open  gully  outside  the  house.      (Building  bye-laws). 
Waste-pipe  of  bath  also  remedied,  but  the  "  over-flow  " 
is  still  untrapped  and  joins  the  soil-pipe.     It  is  not 
uncommon  to  find  that,  the  waste-pipe  being  trapped 
and  delivering  into  a  drain  or  gulley,  after  a  while  the 
bath  over-flows.     Another  plumber  is  then  called  to 
add  an  over-flow  pipe,  who,  ignorant  of  his  business, 
takes    the    over-flow    untrapped     into     the    nearest 
communication  with  a   drain,   which   is   usually   the 
soil-pipe  of  a  w.c. 

C.  In  this  drawing,  both  waste  aiid  cver-flow  of  bath  are 
properly  guarded  by  a  trap,  and  properly  conducted 
into  the  open  air,  but  by  an  oversight  the  " save-all" 
tray  for  catching  the  drippings  of  the  taps  has  been 
connected  directly  with  the  soil-pipe,  thus  vitiating  the 
whole  arrangement.    This  fault  was  recently  discovered 
close  to  the  bedroom  of  a  gentleman  suffering  from 
whitlow  with  inflammation  spreading  up  the  arm,  his 
medical  man  having  insisted  on  a  close  investigation 
of  the  drains  of  the  house  under  the  conviction  that 
some  such  cause  was  needed  to  explain  the  attack. 

D.  All  pipes  from  bath  correctly  arranged. 


Defects  in  lavatories  and  baths,  and  their  remedies, 


15 


PLATE   VIII. 
"  Unsyphoned"   Traps. 

This  is  an  attempt  to  suggest  in  a  diagram  the  effect  of 
water  in  motion. 

When  the  water  is  being  run  off  from  the  bath  (B,)  the 
falling  column  of  water  as  it  rushes  past  the  entrance  of  the 
pipe  of  the  lavatory  (C)  sucks  the  water  oat  of  the  trap  of  the 
lavatory,  "  unsyphons  "  it,  and  leaves  it  open  to  the  drain 
until  more  water  is  let  in  to  fill  the  trap. 

The  same  is  said  to  occur  in  the  case  of  water-closets, 
(FDE)  where  a  series,  one  above  the  other,  discharge  into 
the  same  soil-pipe,  an  arrangement  more  common  in  London 
than  elsewhere. 

What  is  the  remedy  ? 

Let  me  quote  from  Mr.  J.  A.  Russell's  lectures  to  Plumbers 
and  Builders,  page  19.* 

"  6th.  Traps  may  be  unsy phoned  by  a  body  of  water 
"  coming  down  the  soil-pipe  from  a  fitting  higher  up  on  the 
"  same  stack.  Such  a  body  of  water  will  act  like  a  piston, 
"compressing  the  air  in  front  of  it,  and  making  suction 
"  behind  it.  One  gallon  of  water  fills  nearly  39J  inches  of 
"  3  inch  pipe,  28-8  of  3|  inch,  22  of  4  inch,  and  17*43  of 
"  4J  inch.  The  remedy  is  to  have  a  ventilating  inlet  joining 
"  the  highest  point  of  the  bend  on  the  distal  side  of  the  trap, 
"  and  if  the  vent  be  taken  from  the  soil-pipe  higher  up,  (and 
"  not  from  a  separate  air  pipe,  or  a  grating  to  the  open  air,) 
"the  above  data  will  indicate  the  proper  distance." 

*  Sanitary  houses,  by  J.  A.  Russell,  Lecturer  on  Sanitation  at  the  Watt 
Institution,  Eclmbro'. — Maclachan  and  Stewart. 


16 


PLATE   VIII. 


"  Unsyphoned  traps," 


PLATE    IX 


Disused  Traps;   Evaporation. 

Traps  cease  to  be  traps  as  soon  as  the  water  evaporates 
below  "the  seal." 

Unoccupied  houses  are  liable  to  have  open  communications 
with  the  drains  from  this  cause ;  and  lavatories,  and  water- 
closets  rarely  used  may  become  " unsealed"  from  disuse  and 
evaporation. 

It  is  not  uncommon  to  hear  people  say,  "  oh,  we  never  use 
"  such  and  such  a  w.c.  except  in  case  of  illness,"  forgetting 
that  disuse  means  evaporation,  and  open  communication  with 
a  drain.  Probably  much  illness  has  resulted  from  evaporation 
of  the  water  in  the  syphon  of  a  lavatory  of  a  seldom  used 
"  spare  bedroom." 


PLATE    IX. 


18 


Disused  Traps,— Evaporation  of  water  and  consequent 
direct  communication  with  the  drain,  c 


19 


PLATE    X. 


Lavatory    with    overflow  joining    the 
waste-pipe   below  the  trap. 

In  this  instance  (not  very  uncommon,  though  a  violation 
of  common  sense)  the  trap  was  rendered  useless,  because  the 
over-flow  (A),  missing  the  trap  (C),  communicated  directly 
with  the  drain  (B),  and  served  as  a  ready  channel  for  the 
passage  of  sewer  gas. 

It  was  discovered  in  the  house  of  Mr.  E.  Atkinson,  surgeon, 
of  this  town,  a  house  sold  to  him  as  recently  fitted  up  with  all 
precaution  as  to  sanitary  requirements. 


20 


PLATE    X. 


Lavatory  with  overflow  joining  waste  pipe  below  the  trap. 


21 


PLATE   XI. 

Waste-pipe    of   lavatory    in    a    dressing- 
room    passing    untrapped    into  a  drain 
or    soil-pipe. 

This  condition  along  with  other  faults  \vas  discovered  in  the 
house  of  a  medical  man  whose  wife  had  been  dangerously  ill 
from  puerperal  fever.  Her  accouchement  being  again  in  prospect 
the  husband  very  wisely  had  the  sanitary  condition  of  the 
house  enquired  into,  and  this  and  several  other  serious  defects 
were  discovered.  All  was  set  right,  and  on  this  occasion  the 
lady  recovered  without  a  drawback. 


PLATE    XL 


22 


Lavatory  in  a  dressing-room  opening  out  of  a  bedroom 
with  waste-pipe  untrapped  and  connected  with  soil-pipe. 


23 


PLATE    XII. 

Lavatory    in    bedroom    trapped,    but 
discharging  into  soil-pipe  of  w.c. 

The  syphon  trap  (A)  prevents  any  rush  of  air  being  drawn 
through  the  waste-pipe  (B,)  but  does  not  prevent  the  slow 
passage  of  foul  gases  from  the  w.c.  drain,  (0,)  indicated  by 
the  faint  arrows  rising  from  the  basin.  The  gentleman 
occupying  the  bedroom  from  which  this  illustration  was  taken, 
was  suffering  from  erysipelas  of  the  face,  and  was  about  to 
undergo  a  surgical  operation.  His  surgeon  refused  to  do  any 
operation  until  the  lavatory  pipe  was  cut  off  from  the  drain, 
and  made  to  discharge  into  the  open  air.  It  is  right  to  add 
that  the  w.c.  was  in  the  centre  of  the  house,  and  that  the 
drain  ran  under  the  hall  floor. 


PLATE    XII. 


24 


25 


PLATE    XIII. 

Housemaid's    sink-pipe    untrapped    and 
discharging   into  a  soil-pipe. 

This  plate  seems  but  a  repetition  of  the  untrapped  lavatory, 
but  is  introduced  because  the  housemaid's  sink,  often  in  a  dark 
corner,  is  apt  to  be  overlooked  even  when  all  proper  care  has 
been  taken  with  lavatories  and  baths. 

This  instance  is  communicated  to  me  by  Mr.  Nicholson  Price, 
surgeon,  of  Leeds.  He  had  recently  removed  to  a  house  the 
property  of  the  Leeds  Infirmary.  In  three  or  four  months 
two  of  his  children  became  seriously  ill  with  inflamed  throat. 
The  sanitary  condition  of  the  house  was  suspected  and 
investigated,  and  it  was  found  that  two  housemaids'  sinks 
near  the  bedrooms  passed  virtually  untrapped  into  soil-pipe 
and  drain. 


26 


PLATE    XIII. 


JL 


Housemaid's  sink  pipe  passing  untrapped  into  soil  pipe. 


27 


PLATE    XIV. 
Cistern   feeding   kitchen    boiler. 

Where  a  cistern  is  arranged  to  feed  a  kitchen  boiler,  the 
cistern  must  have  an  overflow  pipe.  This  overflow  pipe  is 
often  carried  direct  into  a  drain  without  even  the  partial 
protection  of  a  trap,  and  thus  establishes  a  channel  for  sewer  air 
to  come  into  the  kitchen,  and  to  foul  the  water  of  the  boiler. 
If  water  for  the  kettle  be  drawn  from  the  boiler,  then  impure 
water  is  drunk. 


28 


O 

2 

"•5 

o 

0) 

§ 


1 

C 
0) 


'•5 
.8 


29 


PLATE    XV. 

Waste-pipe    of    bath    and    sink    cut    off 
— pipe  open. 

(A)  was  discovered  in  the  following  manner  :— 

Mrs.  A.,  from  Lancashire,  came  to  spend  a  few  days  in 
Leeds.  Soon  after  her  arrival  she  consulted  a  medical  man 
about  a  severe  neuralgia  of  the  face  and  side,  and  complained 
of  a  sore  throat.  The  medical  man  on  seeing  her  throat,  at 
once  enquired  about  her  drains,  but  could  not  discover  that 
anything  was  wrong.  In  three  days  she  reported  herself 
as  cured  by  the  remedies  prescribed.  Her  doctor  thinking 
the  cure  too  rapid  to  be  the  result  of  his  medicine,  again 
catechised  her  about  her  drains,  and  at  last  drew  out  that 
there  had  been  a  bath  in  a  room  near  her  bedroom,  that  the 
bath  had  been  removed,  but  that  the  waste-pipe  had  been  left 
(open  of  course)  in  case  they  might  wish  to  replace  the  bath. 
The  room  had  been  constantly  so  unpleasant,  that  an  apprentice 
who  slept  there  had  his  window  open  summer  and  winter,  and 
they  had  made  many  fruitless  efforts  to  discover  the  cause. 

(B)  is  taken  from  No.  20,  Park  Row,  the  house  I  formerly 
occupied.       The   scullery,   on  my  leaving   the  house,   was 
turned  into  an  office,  and  the  sink  was  removed.     A  few  years 
after,  the  clerks  complained  of  bad  smells,  and  after  much 
search  the   cut   off  waste-pipe  of  the   sink  was   discovered 
underneath  the  floor  boards  open-mouthed,  and  passing  direct 
into  a  drain. 


PLATE    XV. 


30 


c 

c 

•u 
o 

JZ 


rs 
o    . 

"=  o3 

is 

Is 


? 


0) 


®| 

•gi 

C8-Q. 


I 
CO 

b 


31 


PLATE   XVI. 

Fall   pipe   having  direct  communication 

with  the  drain  carried  through  the  house 

and   allowing  the  escape  of  sewer  gas 

from    imperfect  joints. 

This  house,  at  a  watering  place,  was  first  tenanted  and 
afterwards  purchased  by  a  relative  of  my  own,  who  after  a 
residence  of  a  few  weeks,  had  erysipelas  of  the  face.  This 
attack  at  once  suggested  to  me  drainage  faults,  and  made  me 
reproach  myself  for  not  having  had  the  house  previously 
inspected.  An  inspection  discovered  the  rain-fall  pipe  carried 
from  the  front  through  the  cellars  into  a  drain  at  the  back. 
The  joints  of  the  pipe  as  it  passed  through  the  house  were  so 
defective  that  pans  had  to  be  placed  to  catch  the  rain.  A  bath 
upstairs  had  a  waste  pipe  opening  untrapped  into  the  fall  pipe. 
There  was  also  an  untrapped  sink  in  the  kitchen.  After 
purchase  of  the  house,  the  defects  were  remedied,  and  all  pipes 
were  disconnected  from  the  sewer. 

Mr.  C.  E.  Chorley  tells  me  that  in  one  of  the  Yorkshire 
country  mansions  which  he  inspected,  he  found,  along  with 
numerous  other  faults,  that  all  the  fall  pipes  had  been  carried, 
for  the  sake  of  appearance,  inside  the  walls,  actually  in  the  corners 
of  bedrooms  direct  into  the  drains,  and  that  the  joints  inside 
the  house  were  incompetent  and  open,  and  allowed  the 
plentiful  escape  of  sewer  gas. 

Kecently  in  my  own  consulting  rooms,  built  for  me  six  years 
ago  before  I  gave  much  thought  to  drains,  Mr.  Chorley 
discovered  a  rain-fall  pipe  carried  through  the  centre  of  the 
house  into  a  drain.  The  existence  of  this  I  had  not  suspected. 
The  defect  was  remedied  by  conveying  the  pipe  to  a  gully  on 
the  outside  of  the  house. 


PLATE    XVI. 


32 


Rain  fall  pipe  with  leaky  joints  carried  through 
basement  direct  into  a  drain, 


33 


PLATE    XVII. 

(A)  Fall  pipe  communicating  with  sewer 
and  opening  just  below  bedroom 

window. 

(B)  Ventilator  of  soil-pipe  opening  below 

attic  window. 

This  is  a  not  uncommon,  though  often  an  unsuspected 
source  of  danger.  Some  years  ago,  an  outbreak  of  typhoid 
fever  in  one  of  the  colleges  at  Cambridge  was  attributed  to 
this  cause. 

Of  the  same  class  of  faults  are  those  arrangements  common 
in  London  houses,  in  which  a  leaden  roof  over  an  outbuilding 
or  bay-window,  or  a  cistern  outside  a  window,  have  fall  pipes, 
or  overflow  pipes  passing  into  drains. 

This  ventilating  shaft  is  faulty  in  two  points — (1)  in  not 
being  as  large  as  the  soil-pipe,  (2)  in  its  termination,  a 
trumpet-shaped  opening,  as  in  Plate  I.,  being  deemed  the 
best. 


PLATE    XVII. 


A.  Fall  pipe  communicating  with  sewer,  and  opening 

just  below  bedroom  window. 

B.  Ventilator  of  soil    pipe  discharging  close  to  attic 

window  D 


35 


PLATE    XVIII. 
Vicious  ventilation  of  drains. 

A.  A  fatal  case  of  typhoid  fever  occurred  at  a  school  in 
which  sanitary  precautions  had  been  taken  with  great 
care  and  anxiety  by  the  schoolmistress.     This  led  to  a 
fresh  investigation,   and  to  the   discovery  that  the 
studiously  planned  ventilation  of  the  drain  had  been 
ingeniously  mismanaged,  and  that  the  "  ventilator  " 
had  been  turned  into  the  chimney  of  the  room  in 
which  the  young  lady  slept. 

B.  The  ventilating  shaft  from  a  drain  ought  not  to  end 
near  the  top  of  a  chimney,  lest  the  sewer-gas  be 
carried   by    a  down-draught  through    the  chimney 
into  the  house. 


36 


PLATE    XVIII. 


A,  Ventilating  pipe  of 
drain  turned  into 
bedroom  chimney. 


B.  Ventilator  of  drain 
discharging  close  to 
a  chimney-pot 


37 

PLATE    XIX, 
11  Rats,  and  the  tale  they  tell." 


When  rats  appear  in  a  kitchen  or  cellar  the  presumption 
is  that  they  come  out  of  a  drain.      A  hole  in  a  drain  which 
permits  the  escape  of  a  rat  will  allow  the  sewer  gas  to  be • 
drawn  into  a  house  :  "pleno  flumine" 

When  a  waste-pipe  or  a  sink  joins  a  drain  under  a  kitchen 
floor  instead  of  discharging  into  a  gulley  outside,  this  is  what 
usually  happens.  The  sink-pipe  religiously  trapped  passes 
neatly  through  the  kitchen  floor.  Beneath  the  floor  and  out  of 
sight  it  passes  into  an  open  wide -mouthed  drain  pipe,  4  or  6 
inches  in  diameter,  with  neither  cement  nor  luting  to 
bar  the  escape  of  rats  or  sewer  gas.  This  piece  of  scamping 
being  out  of  sight  is  exceedingly  common,  and  is  often 
overlooked  by  Inspectors  who  satisfy  themselves  with  a  peep 
at  the  syphon  trap,  and  take  no  account  of  the  gaping  pipe 
concealed  beneath  the  flag,  ready  to  let  the  rat  and  the  gas 
out  of  the  drain. 

This  was  discovered  in  a  house  which  I  recently  bought. 

In  my  own  kitchen  also  a  flaw  of  this  kind  was  found. 
The  cement  forming  the  junction  of  the  sink-pipe  and  drain 
was  eaten  or  broken  away,  leaving  a  hole  large  enough  to 
receive  a  man's  hand. 

I  need  hardly  say  that  I  had  the  sink-pipe  turned  into  an 
outside  gulley,  and  the  drain  under  the  kitchen  entirely 
removed. 

In  two  other  ways  rats  do  mischief — one,  by  eating  through 
lead  pipes  in  order  to  reach  water  or  fat — the  other  by 
making  runs  under  drain  pipes  and  letting  down  and  opening 
the  joints. 

Open  drain  joints  concealed  under  a  cellar-floor  can  often 
be  detected  in  the  following  way : — shut  all  windows  and 
outer  doors— open  all  doors  between  the  cellar  and  the  fires 
in  the  house — then  hold  a  lighted  taper  opposite  any  crevices 
or  fissures,  such  as  are  shewn  by  the  blue  arrows. 


38 


PLATE    XIX. 


DC 

>s 


•a 

a> 

<S 

bO 

Q) 
Q. 


O 

X 


•a 

c 


00 

•»-• 

a: 


39 

PLATE    XX, 


Water-closet  with  arrangements  all  faulty, 

compared  with  w,c.  with  the  faults 

remedied. 


As  the  arrangement  of  the  w.c.  is  to  many  persons  a  source 
of  great  anxiety,  I  have  felt  obliged  to  depart  somewhat  from 
the  rule  laid  down,  and  to  suggest  a  plan  which  seems  to  be 
free  from  serious  objection,  and  which  has  been  adopted  in  my 
own  house. 

In  No.  1,  the  pan  (A)  is  a  "pan-closet"  very  common,  and 
objectionable  because  of  the  large  cavity — or  so  called 
"  container  " — between  the  pan  and  the  trap.  This  cavity 
becomes  foul,  and  a  receptacle  for  foul  air,  which  either  passes 
through  the  water  by  absorption,  or  is  displaced  into  the 
house  when  the  closet  is  used.  In  No.  2,  the  "  pan-closet  " 
is  replaced  by  a  simple  syphon  sanitary  basin  (C). 

In  No.  1.  the  soil-pipe  (B)  is  inside  the  house,  and  if  faulty 
at  any  part,  allows  the  escape  of  dangerous  gas  into  the  house 

The  soil-pipe  may  be  faulty, — 

(a)  At  the  junctions  with  the  pan  above,  or  the  drain  below, 
from  the  joints  being  badly  made,  "  putty  joints  "  instead  of 
soldered  joints,  or  the  pipe  may  have  settled,  and  so  have 
opened  the  joints  ; — 

Or,  (b)  The  lead  pipe  may  be  "  seamed "  instead  of 
"  drawn,"  and  so  liable  to  gape  at  the  seam  ; — 

Or,  (c)  The  lead  pipe  may  be  old,  twenty  or  thirty  years, 
and  eaten  through  by  the  sewer  gas ; — 

Or,  (d)  The  soil-pipe  may  be  made  of  short  sanitary  tubes, 
affording  many  joints  for  insecurity  and  the  escape  of  sewer 
gas;— 

Or,  (e)  The  soil-pipe  may  by  its  weight  have  broken  the 
earthenware  junction  with  the  drain,  thus  allowing  the 
discharge  of  the  sewage  beneath  the  floor  of  the  house.  Vide 
Plates  I.,  XXXIX.,  XLIX. 


40 


PLATE    XX, 


N9  1 


No.  1,  w.c,  faulty. 


No.  2,  faults  corrected. 


41 

PLATE  XX— (Continued). 

In  No.  2,  these  risks  are  avoided  by  carrying  the  soil-pipe 
(F)  outside  the  house,  to  join  an  outside  drain. 

In  No.  1,  (D,)  the  drain  is  underneath  the  house,  and  if  it  is 
laid  wrongly,  without  proper  fall,  (Plate  I.,  XLIX.,)  or  badly, 
with  unluted  joints,  (Plate  I.,)  or  of  broken,  i.e.  "  seconds  " 
pipes,  (Plate  XLIY.,)  or  if  the  foundation  sinks,  (Plate 
XLL,)  a  cesspool  is  formed  at  every  leaky  point  within  the 
house,  (Plate  I.) 

In  No.  2,  the  drain  (K)  is  entirely  outside.  On  "  drains 
under  any  building,"  compare  Building  Bye-laws,  §  33f. 

In  No.  1,  the  cistern  (E)  has  its  overflow  into  the  soil-pipe, 
thus  acting  as  a  ventilator  to  the  drains,  and  conducting  the 
sewer  gas  into  the  roof,  and  thence  into  the  rest  of  the  house. 

In  No.  2,  the  overflow  of  the  cistern  (L)  discharges  into  the 
open  air — in  accordance  with  the  bye-law  of  the  Waterworks 
Committee,  of  the  Leeds  Town  Council. 

In  No.  1,  the  soil-pipe  is  unventilated  except  by  the 
overflow  pipe  of  the  cistern  (M) . 

In  No.  2,  the  soil-pipe  (F)  is  "  continued  upwards  without 
diminution  of  diameter,"  above  the  eaves  "  to  such  a  height 
and  in  such  a  position  as  to  afford,  by  means  of  the  open  end 
of  such  pipe,  a  safe  outlet  for  sewer  air,"  or  in  other  words  the 
ventilating  pipe  must  not  end  anywhere  near  a  window,  (see 
Plate  XVII.,)  nor  a  chimney  top,  (Building  Bye-laws^  §  53,) 
(Plate  XVIII.) 

In  No.  2,  there  is  an  open  air  grate  (G-,)  to  allow  the  free 
passage  of  air  up  and  down  the  soil-pipe,  and  to  prevent  the 
accumulation  of  foul  gas  on  the  drain  side  of  the  water  trap 
of  the  w.c.  basin. 

In  No.  2,  there  is  a  syphon  trap  (H)  to  cut  off  the  sewer 
gas  from  the  soil-pipe,  with  a  tube  closed  by  a  moveable  top 
by  which  access  can  be  gained  to  any  stoppage  in  the  trap. 


42 


PLATE  XK— (Continued). 

Besides  -all  this,  there  must  be  a  ventilating  tube  on  the 
drain  side  of  the  syphon  trap  (H). 

On  the  subject  of  "ventilation  of  drains/ '  Dr.  Clifford 
Allbutt  tells  me  of  a  case  of  typhoid  fever  attended  by  himself 
and  Dr.  Dobie,  of  Keighley,  "  due  to  the  magnificent 
completeness  of  the  whole  drainage,  done  at  great  cost, 
including  an  equally  magnificent  cesspool,  300  yards  away, 
and  all  absolutely  tight,  and  so  unventilated  anywhere  " — 
except  into  the  house  through  the  water-traps. 


43 

PLATE    XXI. 
The  "  pan-closet"  and  its  substitute. 


This  Plate  is  introduced  at  the  risk  of  repetition  for  two 
reasons, — 

Firstly,  in  the  hope  of  giving  the  coup  de  grace  to  that  utter 
abomination  of  sanitary  mechanism,  condemned  by  all 
sanitary  reformers,  the  "pan-closet."  If  by  giving  it  a 
nickname  one  can  aid  in  rendering  it  impossible  for  architect 
or  builder  to  insert  one  in  a  new  building,  without  incurring 
ridicule, — Ridiculum  acri  Fortius  et  melius  magnas  plerumque 
secat  res — an  additional  blow  will  have  been  struck  at  a 
source  of  oifensiveness,  if  not  of  illness,  but  too  common  even 
in  well  appointed  houses. 

This  contrivance  is  vividly  described,  and  no  less  scathingly 
condemned,  in  an  article  on  "  The  Sanitary  condition  of  New 
York,"  in  "  Scribner's  Monthly  Magazine  "  for  May,  1881, 
page  74,  from  which  the  following  is  an  extract : — 

"The  cardinal  fault  of  all,  not  even  surpassed  by  the 
"  unventilated  soil-pipe,  is  the  w.c.,  which  is  in  almost  universal 
"  use  all  over  Christendom.  This  is  known  as  the  "  pan-closet.'' 
"  It  probably  is  not,  but  it  certainly  might  be,  the  invention  of  the 
"devil." 

Secondly,  because  the  former  editions  of  this  work  have  been 
taken  much  more  as  a  guide  to  sanitary  arrangements  in  the 
construction  and  re-construction  of  dwellings  than  I  contem- 
plated, and  in  consequence  I  feel  bound  to  give  a  somewhat 
detailed  drawing  of  what  seems  to  be  the  simplest  plan  of  w.c. 
which  would  be  deemed  satisfactory  by  sanitary  engineers. 

The  closet  should  consist  of  a  simple  basin  (A)  and 
syphon  (B.),  the  syphon  being  cleansed  each  time  of 
use  by  a  strong  two  gallon  flush. 

A  receptacle  for  water  in  the  basin  in  addition  to  the 
syphon  is  a  complication,  and  may  reduce  the  force  of  the 
flush  upon  the  syphon  unless  skilfully  managed.  The 
cleaning  of  the  syphon  by  the  flush  is  the  main  point  to  be 
solved. 


PLATE    XXI. 
H 


I.  The  "UTTERLY  UTTER"  abomination. 
2.  The  modern  substitute. 


45 

PLATE  XXI— (Continued)- 

The  syphon  should  not  be  of  greater  calibre  than  the  lower 
orifice  of  the  basin,  and  should  have  a  very  shallow  water 
seal,  and  a  good,  not  an  abrupt,  curve,  in  order  that  the  force 
of  the.  water  may  be  as  effectual  as  possible  in  clearing  it  out. 

The  soil-pipe  (C)  should  be  outside  the  house,  open  at  the 
top  (H)  above  the  eaves,  and  open  at  the  bottom  (D)  at  or 
near  the  ground  level  (as  represented  by  a  black  arrow),  and, 
finally,  cut  off  from  the  sewer  by  a  syphon  trap  (E) . 

The  syphon  trap  should  communicate  with  the  surface  of 
the  ground  by  a  tube  (F),  sealed  at  the  top  by  a  moveable 
plate  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing  in  case  of  need. 

Finally,  let  me  say  that  I  have  had  these  arrangements  in 
use  for  several  years,  with  perfect  satisfaction  and  no 
inconvenience  from  frost. 


PLATE    XXII. 


"Save-all"  tray  beneath  w.c.  with 
untrapped  waste  pipe  serving  as 
unsuspected  ventilator  to  soil-pipe. 

This  drawing  was  communicated  to  me  by  Mr.  C.  R.  Chorley, 
who  discovered  it  in  a  house  in  which  very  great  pains  had 
been  taken  with  the  waste  pipes  and  drains.  The  "  save-all  " 
(A)  is  sometimes  placed  under  a  w.c.  to  catch  any  chance 
overflow  when  slops  are  carelessly  emptied  into  the  pan,  and 
the  waste  pipe  (B)  is,  naturally  perhaps,  but  most  disastrously, 
carried  untrapped  into  the  soil  pipe  (C) .  Even  a  trap  to  the 
waste  pipe  of  the  tray  is  a  "  snare,"  as  Dr.  Clifford  Allbutt 
said,  because  it  only  acts  when  there  has  been  great 
carelessness  resulting  in  an  over-flow  sufficient  to  fill  the  trap, 
and  this  will  soon  evaporate. 


4G 


PLATE   XXII 


"Save-all"  tray  beneath  w.c.  with  untrapped  waste 
pipe  acting  as  ventilator  of  soil-pipe. 


47 


PLATE    XXIII 


Soil-pipes   inside  a   house 

Are  rarely  safe,  and  still  more  rarely  excusable.  Sometimes 
they  are  "  let  into  "  the  wall  and  covered  by  a  board,  and 
perhaps  papered  over,  and  thereby  concealed.  The  board  acts 
as  a  shaft  to  conduct  any  leakages  of  sewer  gas  into  the  upper 
rooms. 

The  sketch  for  this  drawing  was  given  me  by  a  medical 
student  who  occupied  the  room  in  question.  He  was 
constantly  suffering  from  sore  throat,  and  after  repeated 
accusations  of  the  drains,  and  with  much  reluctance,  his 
father  at  last  allowed  an  investigation.  The  concealed  soil 
pipe  was  discovered  in  the  wall  of  his  study,  perforated  at 
several  points,  and  ending  below  the  floor  in  a  broken 
junction  with  the  drain. 

Sometimes  a  leaking  soil-pipe  is  discovered  in  the  wall  of  a 
kitchen  cupboard  where  food  is  kept. 


PLATE    XXIII. 


48 


>-iV'- 

: ;; •. ; . 


"Soil    pipe"  in  corner  of  sitting-room,  concealed  by  a 

board. 


49 


PLATE    XXIV. 

Leaden  soil  pipe,  seamed,  and  crumbling 
with  age. 

This  was  found  in  a  house  recently  occupied  by  a  relative 
of  my  own.  An  old  water-closet,  very  little  used,  and  situated 
in  the  centre  of  the  house,  was  condemned  to  removal.  The 
plumber  who  removed  it  found  the  soil  pipe  so  rotten  that  it 
"  crumbled  like  short  cake."  It  was  open  at  the  seam,  so 
that  not  only  gas  but  liquid  sewage  had  escaped,  and  had 
made  the  contiguous  wall,  and  the  kitchen  under  which  the 
w.c.  drain  ran,  "  black  damp." 

The  soil  pipe  of  a  w.c.,  if  inside  a  house  (an  arrangement 
better  avoided),  ought  to  be  made  of  drawn  lead,  i.e.,  not  of 
sheet  lead  rolled  into  the  form  of  a  tube  and  soldered  at  the 
seam.  A  seamed  pipe  may  be  defective,  and  leak  at  any 
point  of  the  seam.  A  drawn  lead  pipe,  if  a  good  one,  is  only 
in  danger  of  being  defective  at  the  joints,  vide  Plate  XLV., 
"Putty  Joints." 

Age  is  a  source  of  danger  in  leaden  soil  pipes.  Dr.  Fergus, 
of  Glasgow,  found  that  unventilated  pipes  of  15  years,  and 
ventilated  pipes  of  25  years,  became  eroded,  eaten  into  holes, 
on  the  inner  surface,  by  the  sewer  gases,  especially  on  the 
upper  surface  of  a  bend.  Dr.  Fergus  considers  that  the 
duration  of  ventilated  soil  pipes  is  from  eighteen  to  thirty  or 
more  years ;  of  unventilated  soil  pipes  from  a  minimum  of 
eight  years  to  a  maximum  of  twenty  years. 

He  has  traced  illness  on  many  occasions  to  perforation 
from  within  of  leaden  soil  pipes,  which  had  been  corroded  by 
sewer  gases. 


PLATE    XXIV. 


Leaden  soil  pipe,  seamed,  and  crumbling  from  age. 

E 


51 


PLATE    XXV. 

Scullery  sink  discharging  over  the  grate 
guarding  an   untrapped  drain. 

This    drawing    was    contributed    by   Mr.    Chorley,   who 
discovered  the  defect  in  the  house  of  a  relative. 

Mr.  C.  had  noticed  a  drain  smell  in  the  hall  and  lower 
part  of  the  house.  On  investigation,  he  found  the  sink  pipe 
(A)  delivering  its  waste  water  into  a  grate  (B)  which 
covered  a  ginkstone  of  an  untrapped  drain.  This  drain 
joined  a  w.c.  drain  running  under  the  house.  In  the  same 
house  he  found  an  untrapped  sinkstone  in  the  "  keeping 
cellar."  Before  these  faults  were  discovered  and  remedied 
the  lady  of  the  house  was  constantly  in  ill-health.  Since  the 
correction  of  the  faults  her  health  has  been  perfectly  restored. 


PLATE    XXV. 


53 


PLATE    XXVI. 

"No  wonder  the   meat  wont  keep,  the 
beer  turns  sour,  and  the  milk  disagrees.'1 

"Dish-stone    in    larder    leading    into    a 

drain," 

Open  grates  in  cellars  for  the  purpose  of  "swilling"  the 
floor  are  not  uncommon.  They  are  often  untrapped,  and  when 
trapped,  the  traps  are  usually  ineffective  from  want  of  water, 
or  from  being  broken ;  and  even  if  sealed  by  water,  they  are 
still  an  inefficient  barrier  to  sewer  gases,  which  can  pass  by 
absorption  through  water. 

In  the  dairy  and  larders  of  the  new  Leeds  Infirmary  there 
were  found  sinkstones  practically  untrapped  in  every  instance. 

It  is  probable  that  this  communication  with  the  drains  may 
have  been  the  explanation  of  certain  outbreaks  of  diarrhoea 
in  the  Hospital  which  were  attributed  to  the  milk,  but 
without  any  such  source  of  its  contamination  being  suspected. 

About  3  years  ago  two  boys  were  ill  in  low  fever  in  a 
newly -built  country  house.  Every  care  had  been  taken  about 
the  drainage,  and  the  drinking  water  was  found  free  from 
pollution.  The  medical  attendants  were  for  a  long  time  at  a 
loss  to  find  out  the  source  of  the  fever.  At  last  the  milk  was 
suspected,  and  the  dairy  at  some  distance  from  the  house  was 
examined.  A  sink-stone  leading  to  an  open  drain  was 
discovered. 


PLATE    XXVI. 


54 


55 


PLATE    XXVII 

"  Dairy  Sweepings," 

This  illustration  was  contributed  by  Dr.  Midgley  Cockroft, 
of  Masham,  in  the  following  letter : — 

"  I  attended  the  family  on  two  occasions.  In  the  first  the 
"  type  was  purely  Typhus, — four  cases,  one  death.  On  the 
"  second  attendance  the  type  was  entirely  Typhoid  ;  all  had 
"  diarrhoea,  all  had  rose  spots,  and  one  death  occurred  in  the 
"  four  cases,  three  of  the  cases  having  gone  through  the  first 
"  illness.  There  was  no  other  case  of  either  variety  in  the 
"  neighbourhood.  I  had  a  good  opportunity  of  watching  the 
"  process  of  cleaning  down  the  dairy.  The  joints  in  the 
"flagging  were  purposely  left  about  f  of  an  inch  apart  in 
"  order  that  the  water  thrown  on  could  easily  be  brushed  into 
"  the  fissures,  whence  I  could  hear  it  falling  into  a  drain  below, 
"  which  drain  only  went  from  the  dairy  into  a  garden  in  front 
"  of  the  house,  a  distance  of  about  10  or  12  yards,  with  a  very 
"  little  fall  in  its  course.  The  house  was  a  very  old  one,  and 
"  has  now  been  replaced  by  an  entirely  new  one.  I  may  add 
"  that  the  dairy  floor  was  '  dished '  to  facilitate  the  discharge 
"  of  the  water."  It  would  seem  that  the  spilt  milk,  washed 
into  the  imperfect  drain,  underwent  a  poisonous  decomposition 
in  the  drain,  and  thus  gave  off  poison  to  the  dairy,  milk,  and 
kitchen. 


PLATE    XXVII. 


56 


60 

c 


0) 

CO 

>s 

s_ 

"J5 
Q 


57 


PLATE   XXVIII. 

"Dish-stone"  in    scullery  leading    into  a 

rain-water    tank    with    overflow    direct 

into  a  drain. 

This  illustration,  as  well  as  Plates  VI.  arid  XXIV.,  was 
taken  from  the  house  of  my  relative.  The  servants  were  in 
the  habit  of  washing  the  floor,  and  sweeping  the  "  washings  " 
through  the  sink-stone  into  the  tank.  The  tank  had  an 
overflow  direct  into  the  drain,  and  thus  the  sewer  air  had  a 
free  passage  into  the  house. 


58 


PLATE    XXVIII. 


.c 

I 


o 

£   e 
•o 


i 


•a   o 
c  c: 

«  s 


a 
a 

C 


t- 

JU 

~B 

u 

CO 


c/p 

a 


59 


PLATE   XXIX. 

Pantry     sink     turned     into     soft-water 

cistern     under    the     cellar    floor,    with 

overflow  into  the  rock. 

Contributed  by  Mr.  Edward  Atkinson,  from  his  own  house. 

A  large  soft- water  cistern  was  discovered  under  a  cellar 
floor,  full  of  very  offensive  water,  which,  having  no  overflow 
pipe,  must  have  overflowed  into  the  foundations.  The  cellars 
had  been  excessively  damp,  and  had  baffled  costly  attempts 
by  his  predecessor  to  remedy.  Into  this  tank  the  slops  from 
the  butler's  pantry  found  their  way,  as  the  waste-pipe  of  the 
sink  had  been  turned  into  an  old  channel  under  the  cellar 
floor  which  conducted  rain  from  the  fall-pipes  into  the  tank. 
The  butler's  sink  was  one  of  the  improvements  preparatory 
to  Mr.  Atkinson's  purchase. 

A  similar  fault  was  communicated  to  me  by  the  late 
Mr.  William  Gray,  of  York.  "  I  send  you  a  sketch  from  our 
"  court  which  I  think  equals  any  you  have  recorded.  A  new 
"  sink  being  put  down,  it  was  obviously  a  short  cut  to  discharge 
"  it  into  the  fall  pipe ',  which  fed  a  tank  under  the  sitting-room 
"floor.  Two  successive  families  occupying  the  house  had 
"  typhoid  fever." 


PLATE    XXIX. 


60 


Pantry  sink  turned    into   soft-water   cistern  under  the 
cellar  floor,  with  overflow  into  the  rock. 


61 


PLATE   XXX. 

Disused    and     unsuspected    water-tank 
under   cellar-floor. 

This  was -found  m  the  house  of  Mr.  H.  B.  Hewetson, 
surgeon,  of  Leeds.  Sometime  previously,  in  consequence  of 
illness  in  his  family,  he  had  removed  a  central  w.c.  to  the 
outside,  and  had,  as  far  as  he  could  judge,  corrected  all 
sanitary  defects.  Illness  of  a  typhoid  character  broke  out, 
affecting  Mr.  H.  himself  and  a  maid  servant.  This  led  to  a 
search  under  the  cellar  steps  where  the  flags  sounded  hollow. 
A  large  unsuspected  tank  (A)  was  found,  with  direct  overflow 
into  the  drain  (B).  The  end  of  a  pipe  of  a  long  disused 
water-closet  (C)  was  discovered  at  one  corner.  At  the  same 
time  some  other  defects  were  found  and  remedied.  Mr.  H. 
recovered  after  a  few  days'  illness,  and  the  servant  lingered 
four  months  and  then  died.  • 

The  workman  (D)  is  inserted  in  order  to  shew  how  spaces 
under  stone  floors  can  be  discovered  by  the  hollow  sound 
produced  by  a  falling  crowbar. 


62 


PLATE   XXX. 


A.  Rain-water  tank   under  cellar  floor,  with  overflow 

into  drain. 
D.  Workmen  "sounding  with   crowbar"  for  suspected 

"tank"  or  "cesspool." 


63 


PLATE   XXXI. 


Rain-water    cisterns    and    the    dangers 
they  entail. 


The  fault  here  presented  is  one  not  uncommon  in  country 
houses. 

A  large  cistern  (A)  within  the  house  receives  the  rain  water 
from  the  roof,  and,  as  a  matter  of  course,  has  an  over-flow 
pipe  (B)  to  carry  off  surplus  water. 

The  over-flow  pipe  (whether  it  be  trapped  or  not  is  of  no 
moment  or  value)  conveys  the  water  into  a  large  storage  tank 
(C)  outside. 

The  storage  tank  again  has  an  over-flow  into  a  cesspool  (D) . 
The  cesspool  is  sealed  at  the  top  and  unventilated.  The 
gases  formed  in  the  cesspool  and  drains  pass  backwards  along 
the  overflow  pipe  into  the  tank,  and  thence  along  the  first 
overflow  pipe  of  the  cistern  into  the  roof  of  the  house,  whence 
they  are  drawn  by  the  house  fires  into  the  rooms  and 
passages. 


64 


PLATE    XXXI. 


65 

PLATE    XXXII. 

How  people  drink  sewage.— No.  |. 


Drain     pipes     badly  joined    or    broken, 
leaking  into  a  well. 


This  is  the  condition  probably  of  a  large  proportion  of  the 
wells  of  the  country,  especially  of  the  shallow  surface  wells. 

A  glance  at  the  picture  will  convince  most  thinking  persons 
of  the  pressing  need  there  is  for  a  great  national  organisation 
for  providing  wholesome  drinking  water  to  villages  and  small 
towns  which  do  not  as  yet  possess  a  public  unpolluted  water 
supply.  This  need  has  been  pressed  upon  the  attention  of 
the  public  by  the  press,  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  by  His 
Eoyal  Highness  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

A  well  may  be  polluted  with  sewage  for  a  long  time  before 
illness  results. 

The  history  of  an  outbreak  of  typhoid  fever  at  a  large 
school  about  ten  years  ago  is  almost  classical.  By  judicious 
care  and  outlay  the  health  of  the  boys  in  this  school  had  been 
long  preserved  at  a  high  level.  But  on  the  reassembling 
after  the  holidays  a  boy  fell  ill  of  typhoid  fever  contracted  at 
home.  He  was  placed  in  the  "  sick-house,"  and  used  the  w.c. 
which  discharges  into  a  drain  running  near  the  underground 
cistern  which  supplied  the  drinking  water.  In  a  fortnight 
about  30  boys  were  down  with  typhoid.  A  careful 
investigation  made  by  the  proprietor  and  Mr.  Ellerton,  and 
reported  on  to  the  Local  Government  Board  by  Dr.  Clifford 
Allbutt,  revealed  a  leakage  from  the  drain,  and  a  fouling  of 
the  cistern  thereby.  Both  cistern  and  drain  had  been  very 
carefully  and  properly  constructed,  but  the  drain  lay  too  near 
the  cistern,  so  that  when  a  joint  of  the  drain  was  let  down  by 
a  rat  run,  the  escaping  sewage  soaked  through  some  fine 
crevices  in  the  cement  of  the  cistern. 

In  this  instance,  water  fouled  by  drainage  did  not  set  up 
typhoid  fever  until  the  importation  of  a  case  of  typhoid  led  to 
the  introduction  of  typhoid  discharges  into  the  drinking  water. 


66 


PLATE    XXXII. 


How  people  drink  sewage. — No.  I. 
Drain  leaking  into  a  well. 


67 

PLATE    XXXIII. 


How  people  drink  sewage.— No.  2. 
Cesspool  full  and  overflowing  into  a  well. 


This  is  the  same  in  principle  with  the  last  picture,  and 
teaches  that  cesspools  need  constant  attention  and  cleansing, 
and  very  great  care  in  construction.  (Building  Bye-laws, 
§  35— §  H9.) 

The  following  illustration  came  before  my  notice  : — Typhoid 
fever  broke  out  at  a  farm  house,  distant  about  half-a-mile 
from  a  village.  The  father  died,  and  the  mother  and  daughter 
recovered.  In  the  village  the  only  case  of  fever  which  occurred 
was  that  of  the  farming  man  who  had  his  meals  at  the  iarm 
and  went  home  to  the  village  to  sleep. 

The  following  was  supposed  to  be  the  cause  of  the  fever  : — 
Ten  feet  from  the  door  of  the  house  there  was  a  cesspool. 
Twelve  months  previously  a  well  had  been  made  between  the 
house  and  the  cesspool.  Shortly  before  the  time  of  the  fever 
the  house  drain  had  become  so  offensive  that  the  cesspool  was 
examined,  and  was  found  to  be  full  and  overflowing/  and  was 
in  consequence  emptied.  It  is  a  fair  inference  that  the 
cesspool  had  overflowed  into  the  well  and  poisoned  the 
drinking  water.  This  occurred  some  years  ago,  and  the  well- 
water  was  not  analysed,  so  that  complete  proof  was  absent. 

Nevertheless  the  picture  generalises  well  known  and  well 
ascertained  facts. 

I  have  recently  seen  in  Leeds,  during  the  excavations  for  a 
new  building,  the  exact  conditions  here  depicted.  The  well 
was  formed  of  bricks  laid  radiating  from  the  centre  of  the 
well,  and  of  course  with  plenty  of  room  between  them  for 
admitting  leakage  into  the  well  from  the  neighbouring 
cesspool. 


68 


PLATE    XXXIII. 


69 

PLATE    XXXIV. 

How  people  drink  sewage.— No.  3. 

Well    near   "fold   yard."— Drain   carried 
over  a  well. 


This  picture  represents  a  series  of  facts. 

No.  1. — That  wells  are  often  placed  within,  or  close  by 
a  farm  yard,  so  that  the  soakings  from  the  sodden  manure 
must  needs  ooze  through  the  soil  into  the  well. 

No.  2. — That,  inconceivable  though  it  may  appear,  it  is  a 
fact  that  drains  are  sometimes  carried  across  the  upper  part  of 
a  well.  Two  instances  have  been  related  to  me. 

The  first  by  Mr.  Robert  Hagyard,  late  a  student  at  the 
Leeds  School  of  Medicine  : — 

"A  drain  ran  through  the  side  of  a  well,  the  pipes 
projecting  so  as  to  be  visible  when  the  lid  was  removed  from 
the  top  of  the  well.  At  the  junction  of  the  pipes  a  leakage  of 
sewage,  consisting  chiefly  of  liquid  from  a  pigstye  and 
cowshed,  trickled  down  the  side  of  the  well.  Several  cases  of 
typhoid  fever  had  occurred  in  the  house.  The  occupants  sold 
milk,  which  was  freely  diluted  with  the  *  solution  of  enteric 
fever '  from  the  well." 

The  second  was  related  to  me  by  Mr.  John  Bradley,  coach 
builder,  of  Leeds  : — 

"  The  drain  is  carried  over  the  mouth  of  a  well  on  a  plank, 
which  rots  and  lets  down  the  drain,  and  pours  the  sewage 
matter  into  the  well  which  supplies  a  large  establishment  with 
drinking  stuff.  Typhoid  fever  broke  out,  and  one  of  six  cases 
ended  fatally,  when  the  above  state  of  things  was  discovered." 

No  3. — That  milk  is  made  poisonous  by  the  use  of 
contaminated  well  water,  either  for  diluting  the  milk  or  even 
for  washing  the  cans. 

Moral. — Every  dairy  whence  milk  is  sold  ought  by  law  to 
be  under  constant  sanitary  inspection. 


PLATE    XXXIV. 


70 


o 

§. 

en 

CD 
O 

"O 

c 


CD 


a 
o 


a 
•a 


CD 


O 

v* 

CO 


PLATE    XXXV. 

Overflow  from  cesspool   into  rain-water 

tank. 

This  plate  represents  a  fact  related  to  me  by  my  friend, 
Mr.  W.  P.  Groodall,  surgeon,  of  Birmingham. 

In  a  newly-built  vicarage  a  rain-water  tank  had  an  overflow 
pipe  into  a  cesspool,  the  levels  of  which  were  so  skilfully 
mismanaged,  that  the  cesspool,  when  full,  relieved  itself  by 
overflowing  back  into  the  rain-water  tank. 

A  second  fact  of  the  same  kind  is  thus  told  to  me  by 
Mr.  John  Bradley,  of  Leeds : — 

"  A  new  bank,  with  residence  for  the  manager,  was  erected 
in  a  small  market  town.  Shortly  after  he  went  to  reside  there 
his  wife  became  ill.  She  went  from  home  for  a  week,  and 
returned  quite  well,  but  found  her  servants  and  children 
attacked  as  she  had  been.  At  this  time  a  great  stench  was 
felt  in  the  scullery  near  the  pump  of  a  soft  water  tank.  The 
tank  was  examined,  and  was  found  three  parts  filled  with 
sewage.  The  builder  had  laid  the  overflow  pipe  into  the  sewer, 
with  the  fall  the  wrong  way,  and  had  thus  tapped  the 
sewer,  and  the  sewage  had  flowed  into  the  tank." 


PLATE   XXXV. 


72 


73 


PLATE    XXXVI. 


Cesspool   overflowing    and   causing  the 

floor  and  wall   of  a   house  to  be  damp 

from  sewage. 

This  illustration  is  a  general  expression  of  the  following 
facts,  rather  than  a  representation  of  any  actual  example. 

Case  1  was  related  to  me  by  Dr.  James  Braithwaite,  as 
having  occurred  in  a  suburb  of  Leeds  about  four  years  ago. 

Typhoid  fever  occurred  in  two  of  a  group  of  three  newly 
built  houses,  within  a  few  weeks  of  their  being  occupied.  The 
following  conditions  were  discovered  when,  a  few  months  after, 
the  main  drain  was  brought  within  reach,  and  an  attempt  was 
made  to  connect  them.  The  drains  from  Nos.  1  and  2  opened 
into  the  drain  of  No.  3,  and  this  terminated  18  inches  from 
the  house,  forming  a  cesspool  in  the  soil  which  rested  against 
the  cellar  of  No.  3,  and  in  rainy  weather  caused  the  cellar 
floor  to  be  flooded.  Typhoid  fever  broke  out  in  No.  3,  and 
afterwards  spread  to  No.  1. 

Case  2. — A  young  woman  was  suffering  from  chronic  sore 
throat  and  partial  loss  of  voice,  a  serious  matter,  as  she  was 
being  trained  as  a  public  singer.  Having  enquired  into  the 
sanitary  condition  of  her  house,  I  learnt  from  her  mother  that 
two  children  had  died  of  diphtheria,  and  that  the  kitchen  floor 
was  damp  and  offensive  from  the  overflow  of  their  cesspool. 
Complaints  had  been  ineffectually  made  to  the  landlord's 
agent,  but  her  husband  dared  not  complain  to  the  landlord, 
his  master,  for  fear  of  being  dismissed  from  his  situation,  that 
of  head  gardener. 


PLATE    XXXVI. 


3EHEHSEHMHHHHS 


O 
O 

Q. 


0) 
0) 

c 

Q. 
E 


75 


PLATE    XXXVII. 


Additions  to  house  built  over  forgotten 

drains. 

For  this  illustration  I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Britton,  of 
Halifax. 

A  billiard  room  was  built  on  a  vacant  space  between  a 
house  and  a  stable. 

After  a  time  the  billiard  room  was  converted  into  a  dining 
room. 

Typhoid  fever  broke  out  two  weeks  after  the  family 
returned  from  the  sea  side.  A  child  was  ill  and  recovered, 
and  a  servant  died.  This  led  to  a  sanitary  inspection  of  the 
house,  and  the  discovery  that  the  waste  pipe  of  the  kitchen 
sink  joined  an  old  drain  which  led  to  a  cesspool  under  the 
new  dining  room,  the  existence  of  which  had  been  previously 
unsuspected. 

Moral. — In  adding  to  a  house,  make  sure  that  all  drains 
traversing  the  site  and  all  cesspools  have  been  obliterated. 


PLATE    XXXVII. 


8 


77 


PLATE    XXXVIII, 
"  Where  is  the  Butler?" 

For  this  fact  I  am  again  indebted  to  Mr.  John  Bradley,  of 
Leeds. 

"  A  gentleman  came  to  reside  in  an  old  family  mansion. 
Having  friends  to  dinner  one  evening,  and  requiring  more 
wine,  he  rang  the  bell.  No  butler  came.  He  rang  a  second 
and  third  time  with  the  same  result.  Waxing  wroth,  he 
went  in  search,  but  could  get  no  tidings  of  him.  On  further 
search  the  butler  was  discovered  in  an  old  cesspool  in  the 
wine  cellar,  the  floor  of  which  had  broken  in.  The  poor 
butler,  after  much  difficulty,  was  extricated,  only  just  in  time 
for  his  life  to  be  saved  after  much  suffering  and  a  month  of 
medical  attendance.  It  appears  that  the  existence  of  this 
cesspool  was  unknown,  and  that  so  long  as  the  sewage  of  the 
house  went  '  somewhere,'  no  enquiries  were  made  to  ascertain 
where." 

A  similar  fact  was  told  to  me  by  a  lady,  as  having  occurred 
in  a  large  house  at  Brighton.  A  cask  of  beer  was  being 
rolled  along  the  cellar,  when  the  floor  gave  way  over  an 
unsuspected  cesspool. 

Moral.— Test  all  the  floors  of  your  cellars  by  "sounding." 
Vide  Plate  XXX. 


PLATE    XXXVIII. 


78 


More  wine  wanted.    Where  is  the  butler? 


"A  lower  deep, 
Still  threatening  to  devour  me  opens  wide."— MILTON. 


79 


PLATE    XXXIX. 

Broken  junction  of  drain  with  soil-pipe, 
leakage  into  disused  well  under  keeping 

cellar. 

This  fault  was  discovered  in  a  house  in  Park  Bow,  formerly 
occupied  by  myself,  but  now  used  as  offices.  About  three  years 
and  a  half  ago  complaints  were  made  of  bad  smells  in  the 
house,  and  some  of  the  inmates  were  unwell.  On  inspection 
it  was  discovered  that  an  old  disused  well  partly  under  the 
keeping  cellar  was  becoming  a  cesspool  from  leakage  through 
its  walls  from  the  w.c.  drain.  This  drain  had  become 
defective  at  the  junction  of  the  vertical  soil-pipe  with  the 
horizontal  drain.  It  appeared  that  the  soil-pipe  had  settled, 
and  ly  its  weight  had  broken  the  flange  of  the  drain-pipe, 
causing  the  sewage  to  flow  into  the  rock  underneath  the  cellar 
floor,  and  so  into  the  well.  The  drain  pipes  were  repaired, 
and  the  well  was  filled  up. 


80 


PLATE    XXXIX. 


Well  under  a  house  fouled   by  leakage  from  broken 
junction  of  soil  pipe  with  drain. 


81 


PLATE    XL; 

Common  stone  drain  under  tiled 
entrance  hall,  leaking  at  every  joint,  and 
forming  an  extensive  cesspool  under  the 

house. 

This  example  was  communicated  to  me  by  Dr.  Britton, 
medical  officer  of  health  for  the  Halifax  Rural  Sanitary 
district,  in  the  following  note  : — 

"  Enteric  (typhoid)  fever  broke  out  in  a  gentleman's  house. 
"  from  which  it  spread  into  the  village.  On  examination  I 
"  found  that  the  w.c.  was  in  the  centre  of  the  house,  and  that 
"  the  soil-pipe  discharged  into  a  common  stone  drain  running 
"  under  a  tiled  entrance  hall.  This  drain  was  almost  without 
"  fall,  so  much  so,  that  it  had  become  blocked,  and  the  teicage 
"  had  found  its  ivay  under  the  flooring  of  the  passage  and  rooms." 

It  goes  to  a  man's  heart  to  take  up  a  tiled  hall  in  order  to 
inspect  a  drain.  Moral. — The  drain  ought  never  to  have  been 
placed  under  the  hall. 


82 


PLATE    XL. 


Common  stone  drain  under  tiled  hall,  leaking  at  every 
joint,  and  forming  a  large  cesspool  under  the  house. 


83 


PLATE    XLI. 


Joints    opened     by    giving    way    of 
foundations. 

"  When  drains  are  laid  in  new  made  ground,  unless  care  be 
"  taken  to  ram  the  earth  sufficiently  hard  round  about  them, 
"and  this  is  next  to  impossible,  the  pipes  \vill  open  at  the 
"  sockets,  and  sodden  the  ground  in  their  neighbourhood  to  a 
"  dangerous  exteDt." 

Sanitary  arrangements  of  Dwellings,  Eassie,  p.  22. 

This  may  occur  in  laying  drains  in  newly-made  ground,  and 
it  frequently  does  occur  where  the  drain  trench  has  been 
unevenly  cut,  and  where  inequalities  of  level  are  carelessly  filled 
in  with  soft  soil,  which  after  a  short  time  settles,  and  allows 
the  joints  to  open. 


84 


PLATE    XLI. 


60 


C 

'a 

as 
hfl 


o 


85 


PLATE    XLII. 

"  Poisoned    by    next    door    neighbour's 
drains," 


It  is  not  easy  to  obtain  an  unexceptionable  illustration 
of  tbis  danger.  I  feel  convinced,  bowever,  tbat  it  does  occur 
occasionally,  either  from  leakage  of  drains  soaking  the  party 
wall,  or  from  a  neighbour's  soil-pipe  running  in  the  thickness 
of,  or  even  on  the  inside  of  the  party  wall  of  the  suffering 
house,  or  again  from  the  diffusion  of  sewer  gases  through  the 
watt  itself. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  this  book  several 
instances  of  this  danger  have  been  communicated  to  me. 

For  the  drawing  and  facts  of  this  plate,  I  am  indebted  to 
Mr.  Foster,  Artist,  of  Headingley,  who  says — "  I  enclose  you  a 
"  sketch  of  the  defect  in  the  drainage  of  the  house  in  which  the 
"  fatal  case  of  typhoid  fever  occurred.  The  foundation  of  the 
"  house  had  given  way,  and  the  earth  at  the  side  sinking  with 
"it  opened  the  joints  of  the  pipes  which  ran  under  the  yard  of 
"  their  neighbour's  house." 

It  is  difficult  enough  to  manage  one's  own  drains,  almost 
CTtopian  to  hope  to  rectify  the  drains  of  one's  neighbour. 


PLATE    XLM. 


86 


EOF 


' 

— — -~" — —  •'•• '  • '  - — 


-§ 


C  C 

si 

-03 


n 

00. 


87 


PLATE    XLIII. 
Speculating  builder  buying  "  Seconds," 


On  one  of  the  occasions  of  the  delivery  of  my  lecture  in  a 
suburb  of  Leeds,  one  of  our  leading  builders  stated  that  it 
was  well  known  by  the  building  trade  that  dishonest  builders 
of  cheap  houses  were  in  the  habit  of  buying  "  Seconds " 
sanitary  tubes,  i.e.,  rejected  broken  tubes,  at  half  price,  in  order 
to  lay  them  in  the  houses  they  were  building,  in  obedience  to 
the  law  requiring  them  to  lay  a  drain.  Such  tubes  are 
defective  either  by  fracture  or  by  being  mis-shapen,  oval 
instead  of  round,  or  vice  versa.  Each  such  defect  would  allow 
a  leakage,  and  the  formation  of  a  cesspool  at  the  faulty  point. 
In  drains,  as  in  chains,  the  value  of  the  whole  drain  is  deter- 
mined by  the  value  of  its  weakest  point,  and  if  at  the  weakest 
point  there  is  a  leakage,  the  whole  drain  may  be  worthless 
and  disastrous. 

If  this  picture  has  the  effect  of  gibbeting  such  scoundrels, 
and  making  scamped  drain-work  less  feasible,  it  will  have 
served  its  purpose. 

"  '  Jeremiahs '  buy  '  seconds '  because  they  can't  get 
"  '  thirds/ >:'  said  an  honest  Yorkshireman  on  seeing  this 
picture. 

"Jerry  veal"  is  the  flesh  of  calves  which  have  been  born 
dead,  or  have  died  soon  after  birth — an  "  article  of  commerce  " 
in  former  days. 


PLATE    XLIII. 


88 


m 


60 
'>- 

SI 


0) 

*5 

t 

"3 


PLATE    XLIV. 


Drain    made   of  "  Seconds"  tubes, 

Here  are  seen  the  results  of  scamped  drain- work  and  cheap 
"  Seconds  "  pipes.  Such  pipes  are  used  mostly  for  the  outside 
drains  of  cheaply  built  cottages  and  houses,  and  are  sometimes 
found  inside  a  house. 

The  pipes  AA.  are  broken  at  the  flange,  BB.  at  the  smaller 
end,  and  FF.  are  mis-shapen,  spoiled  in  the  baking,  oval 
instead  of  round.  Each  of  these  defects  renders  a  sound  joint 
impossible. 

C.  has  a  fissured  surface,  D.  has  been  broken  and  pieced 
together,  a  condition  of  pipe  which  Mr.  Burton,  the  lithographer 
of  this  book,  himself  witnessed  in  his  own  house,  and  which 
he  has  drawn  *  con  amore.'  The  workman  declared  that  he 
could  not  afford  to  put  in  a  new  pipe. 

Gr.  shews  careless  connection  of  a  waste-pipe.  Instead  of  a 
tube  with  a  proper  junction  as  part  of  its  construction,  a  hole 
has  been  broken  into  the  tube,  and  the  lead  pipe  passed 
through  without  luting.  Moreover,  the  waste-pipe  projects 
so  far  into  the  drain-pipe  as  to  form  an  obstruction  to  the 
proper  flow  of  sewage.  Vide  Plate  XL VII. 

A  drain  formed  of  imperfect  tubes  with  unluted  joints,  and 
insufficient  fall,  was  found  under  the  house  of  Mr.  Carter, 
dentist,  in  Park  Square.  The  soil  under  the  floor  of  the 
kitchen  was  saturated  with  sewage,  and  the  villany  was 
rendered  complete  by  the  entire  omission  of  a  pipe  for 
connecting  the  drain  with  the  main-sewer. 

Mr.  Carter,  by  his  removal  into  this  house,  got  "  out  of  the 
frying-pan  into  the  fire."  He  had  left  his  previous  residence 
in  consequence  of  "  drain-begotten  "  illness  in  his  family,  and 
because  of  the  rats  which  he  had  shot  with  an  air  gun  by  the 
dozen  in  his  kitchen. 

A  medical  friend  illustrated  one  of  my  lectures  by  "  seconds 
pipes  "  just  discovered  in  his  own  house,  which  had  been 
recently  built  at  a  cost  of  £3,0  00. 


PLATE    XLIV. 


90 


91 


PLATE    XLV. 
Putty  joints"  in  leaden  soil  pipes. 


This  is  scamped  work.  In  order  to  save  his  pocket  the 
plumber  will  sometimes  save  the  cost  of  solder,  and  join  the 
leaden  soil  pipes  with  putty  and  inferior  material.  The  result 
is  that  the  joint  is  insecure,  soon  gives  way,  cracks  and  gapes, 
and  allows  sewer  gas  to  escape  into  the  house. 

A  flaw  in  the  joint  can  be  detected  by  the  current  of  air 
against  the  flame  of  a  candle,  and  the  quality  of  the  material 
may  be  tested  by  its  easily  giving  way  to  the  finger  or  a 
knife. 

Leaden  soil  pipes  ought  to  be  carefully  joined  together  by 
solder,  and  to  have  no  crevice  through  which  air  can  pass. 


92 


PLATE    XLV. 


"  Putty  Joints." 


93 


PLATE    XLVI. 


Curves  made  by  straight  pipes. 

Such  work  is  down-right  scamping.  To  save  trouble  or 
expense  straight  pipes  are  joined  at  angles  which  allow  gaping 
and  leakage  at  every  joint.  If  such  ill-made  bends  are  under 
a  house,  a  large  cesspool  is  there  formed — if  outside  the  house 
the  leakage  may  soak  towards  the  wall  of  the  house  and  make 
it  damp,  foul,  and  poisonous. 

About  two  years  ago  a  friend  of  mine  was  preparing  his 
house  for  his  intended  bride,  and  like  a  wise  man  had  the 
drainage  looked  to,  and  finding  it  very  bad,  was  re-constructing 
it.  He  took  me  early  one  morning  to  see  the  new  work  that 
was  being  done,  and  to  show  me  a  bend  made  by  straight 
pipes,  part  of  which  we  had  to  uncover  in  order  to  see  it. 

Another  instance  was  found  in  the  house  of  a  patient  of 
Mr.  Horsfall,  of  Leeds,  who,  in  consequence  of  the  illness  for 
which  he  was  in  attendance,  urged  an  exploration  of  the  drains. 
This  examination  discovered  a  drain  under  the  kitchen  floor, 
not  only  open  at  the  joints,  but  with  bends  made  by  straight 
pipes,  so  that  half  the  sewage  had  remained  under  the  floor. 


94 


PLATE    XLVI. 


A.  Curves   made  by  straight   pipes,    leakage  at  every 

joint. 
B,  Curve  made  by  proper  bend, 


95 


PLATE  XLVII. 
"  Junctions," 

A.  This  is  scamped  work.     From  idleness  or  false  economy 
a  junction  is  made  with  a  drain  pipe  by  breaking  a  hole  at  the 
top  or  side  of  a  pipe,  and  simply  passing  the  joining  pipe 
through  the    hole.      This    involves  at  least  two   grievous 
defects — (a)  the  hole  through  which  the  joining  pipe  passes 
cannot  be  properly  luted — (b)  the  intruding  pipe  projects  into 
the  receiving  pipe,  intercepts  the  solid  parts  of  the  sewage,  and 
by  degrees  dams  it  up. 

Several  instances  of  this  fault  have  been  related  to  me — 
one  by  the  medical  officer  of  a  recently-built  workhouse  in 
Yorkshire,  in  which,  in  addition,  it  was  found  that  the  main 
drains  were  led  "  up  hill ;  "  a  second  was  communicated  to 
me  by  Dr.  Churton,  of  Leeds,  as  having  been  discovered  in  a 
house  he  recently  occupied. 

B.  A  properly-made  junction. 

C.  Sometimes  it  is  necessary  to  tap  a  drain  and  let  in  a 
new  pipe.     In  such  a  case  the  hole  carefully  cut  in  the  old 
pipe  should  be  capped  by  an  "  eyelet,"  and  made  safe  by 
cement. 


96 


PLATE  XLVII. 


A.  Badly  made  junction. 
Blocked  drain. 


B.  Proper  junction. 


C.  "Eyelet"    for    making    a    new  junction    in    pipes 
already  laid. 


97 


PLATE    XLVIII. 


Pipes  laid  the  wrong  way. 

This  arrangement  of  pipes  was  discovered  in  our  new 
Infirmary,  by  Mr.  Chorley.  Rain-fall  pipes  carried  under  a 
room,  were  leaking  at  each  socket,  rendering  the  soil  damp. 

This  arrangement  reduces  very  greatly  the  "  water 
tightness  "  of  the  joints. 

I  have  been  told  that  builders  in  some  parts  of  Yorkshire 
maintain  that  to  place  drain-pipes  upside  down  is  the  correct 
way. 


PLATE    XLVIII. 


98 


-C 

c 
o 


0} 

bfl 


(0 

(D 
Q. 


PLATE       LIX. 
Drain    under  a   house  running   up-hill. 

This  illustration  is  contributed  by  Mr.  Pickles,  Surgeon,  of 
Leeds.  He  had  a  slight  scratch  on  the  finger  from  which 
inflammation  started  and  spread  up  the  arm,  due  as  he  supposed 
to  poison  received  in  attending  a  patient.  Soon  after  the 
recovery  of  the  arm,  he  was  again  laid^up  with  rheumatism  of 
a  low  type.  His  medical  attendant  suggested  that  the  house 
drain  was  probably  the  cause  of  the  whole  mischief.  As  soon 
as  he  was  well  enough  he  had  his  drains  examined,  and 
reported  the  result  to  me  in  the  following  note. 

"  I  have  had  all  my  drain-pipes  taken  up,  and  I  find  the 
"  following  defects  : — 

"  The  fall  from  the  place  where' the  soil-pipe  enters  the  pot 
"  drains  is  very  defective,  the  level  being  higher  in  the  centre 
"  than  at  the  termination. 

"  The  drain-pipes  themselves  (six-inch  pot  drains)  were  full 
"of  thick  sewage  matter,  and  had  no  luting  or  cement 
"  between  them.  Lastly,  at  the  very  spot  where  the  soil-pipe 
"  is  connected  with  the  pot  drain  pipes,  there  is  a  broken  and 
"defective*  pot.' " 

The  w.c.  was  at  the  back  of  the  house,  and  the  drain  ran 
under  a  cellar  kitchen,  not,  as  in  the  drawing,  immediately 
under  the  hall  floor. 


100 


PLATE    XLIX. 


Drain  under  house,  with  fall  the  wrong  way.     Broken 
pipe  at  the  junction  with  the  "  soil-pipe." 


101 


PLATE    L. 

Disconnected   and   misconnected. 

Mr.  A.  B.,  Town  Cleik  of  the  town  of  C.,  tells  me  that 
his  house,  situated  450  yards  from  the  high  road,  was 
originally  drained  by  nine-inch  pipes  into  a  pond  a  little 
beyond  the  high  road.  Early  in  1876  the  district  was  sewered, 
and  the  drain  was  cut  off  from  the  pond  and  connected  with 
the  main-sewer.  In  July,  1876,  a  maid  and  servant  lad 
were  seized  with  typhoid  fever  ;  the  maid  died  and  the  lad 
recovered. 

After  the  death,  the  drains  were  examined,  and  it  was  found 
(a)  that  waste-pipes  from  the  kitchen,  washhouse,  pantry,  and  a 
lavatory,  passed  un trapped  into  the  drains,  with  the  illusory 
protection  of  a  bell  trap,  (b)  That  the  connection  of  the  drain 
with  the  new  sewer  was  so  defective  that  the  drain  was  blocked 
up  at  the  junction,  a  nine-inch  pipe  having  been  inserted  into 
an  eighteen-inch  pipe  without  any  proper  junction. 


PLATE    L 


102 


T3 
O 

a 


0) 


103 

PLATE    LI. 

"  To    be   continued    in   our   next." 

This  example  was  also  contributed  to  me  by  Dr.  Britton, 
of  Halifax,  in  the  following  note. 

"  In  a  gentleman's  house  the  children  were  always  ailing, 
"  and  in  consequence  I  ordered  an  inspection  of  the  soil-pipe 
"which  was  supposed  to  run  under  the  house  and  some 
"  outbuildings,  and  to  join  a  main-drain  in  the  road  behind. 
"  On  the  floor  of  the  cellar  and  coal  cellar  being  taken  up, 
"  there  was  found  a  very  large  quantity  of  sewage,  which  had 
"  been  accumulating  ever  since  the  house  had  been  built,  seven 
"  years  before. 

"  During  the  whole  of  this  time  all  the  sewage  from  the 
"  w.c.  had  run  under  the  floor  of  these  cellars  ;  for  at  the  end 
"  of  the  coal  cellar  the  soil-pipe  came  to  an  abrupt  conclusion 
"  against  a  mass  of  solid  rock,  twelve  yards  thick,  at  the  other 
"  side  of  which  a  pipe  was  placed  and  connected  with  the 
"  main-drain  in  the  road.  No  doubt  it  was  in  order  to  save 
"  the  expense  of  blasting  through  the  rock  that  the  contractor 
"  had  scamped  the  work." 


"  The  authorities   saw  the  junction." 

Until  recently  in  Leeds,  and  probably  in  many  a  town 
besides,  the  following  was  the  practice  as  to  the  inspection  of 
sewers  by  the  local  authority.  The  Borough  Inspector 
having  received  due  notice  from  a  builder  of  his  intention  to 
connect  a  house  drain  with  a  public  sewer,  came  and  "  saiv  the 
last  pipe  put  in ;"  with  what  security  to  the  public  may  be 
judged  from  this  Plate. 

Nay,  more,  a  builder  from  a  neighbouring  town  told  me 
that  by  a  judicious  tip  he  could  dispense  with  even  this 
formality,  if  it  were  inconvenient  to  suit  the  time  of  the 
Inspector. 


PLATE    LI. 


104 


0) 


105 


PLATE    LI  I. 
(A)  Drain   making  the   best  of  a  rock. 

The  w.c.  drain  (A)  is  blocked  as  far  as  a  rise  in  the  drain, 
which  was  carried  by  curved  tubes  over  the  rock  in  order  to 
avoid  the  trouble  and  expense  of  cutting  through  the  rock. 
The  fact  expressed  by  this  drawing,  which  looks  like  a 
caricature,  was  related  to  me  by  the  landlord  for  whom 
the  houses  were  built.  Several  builders  who  have  seen  the 
picture,  have  told  me  that  they  have  seen  drains  so  (mis)  laid, 
and  I  know  of  one  house  in  which  this  has  been  discovered  to 
be  the  cause  of  obstructed  drains  since  the  publication  of  my 
lecture. 

Since  the  publication  of  this  plate  I  have  been  told,  on 
many  occasions  by  eyewitnesses,  of  the  not  unfrequent 
occurrence  of  this  piece  of  rascality. 

(B)  w.c.    discharging   into  the  basement 
of  a  house. 


The  soil-pipe  (B)  missing  the  drain-pipe  (C)  had  discharged 
the  whole  of  the  sewage  into  a  triangular  space  below  the 
ground  floor.  This  went  on  for  several  months  before  the 
discovery  of  the  defect  was  made,  during  which  time  "  they 
never  had  the  doctor  out  of  the  house." 


PLATE    LI  I. 


106 


"5 


I 

JQ 

| 

60 
I 

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00 

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o 
CD 


bfl 

o 
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8 


2 
o 


107 


PLATE    Li  1 1. 

Economy  in   digging   at  the  expense  of 
"fall"  in  a  drain. 


This  fact  was  related  to  me  by  a  house  agent  and  rent 
collector.  A  careless  builder  sometimes  puts  in  the  junction 
with  a  drain  soon  after  commencing  to  build  a  house.  When 
the  time  comes  to  lay  the  drain  he  finds  that  he  has  allowed 
far  too  little  "  fall."  His  duty  would  be  to  relay  the  drain 
and  connection  with  the  sewer  with  a  proper  incline.  But 
this  would  cost  money  in  excavation  ;  so  he  saves  his  pocket, 
and  leaves  the  drain  to  tell  its  own  tale,  when  in  due  time 
the  unlucky  tenant  finds  his  drains  stopped,  his  house  foul, 
his  family  ill,  and  the  "  tale  told." 


108 


PLATE    Llll, 


o 

0) 

c 

a 
x 


CD 

s: 


bfi 


• 
c 


o 

o 
o 
LU 


109 


PLATE    LIV. 

Six-inch  pipe  interpolated  between  two 
four-inch    pipes. 

This  was  discovered  in  some  property  which  I  bought 
six  years  ago.  A  cellar  of  one  house  was  flooded  by  the 
overflow  of  an  ash-pit,  the  drain  of  which  was  blocked  up. 
The  drain  was  followed,  and  traced  to  a  junction  with  the  w.c. 
drain  of  the  next  house.  On  enquiry,  I  found  that  this  w.c. 
had  long  acted  imperfectly,  and  no  wonder,  as  the  drain  was 
blocked  up  for  six  feet,  owing  to  the  interpolation  of  a  6-inch 
between  two  4-inch  pipes. 

A  gross  instance  of  this  mode  of  scamping  is  thus  described 
to  me  by  Dr.  Murray,  of  Burley-in-Wharfedale  : — 

"  Some  villas  were  drained  by  12-inch  pipes,  which  passed 
"  along  the  road  into  a  field  where  a  cesspool  ought  to  have 
"  been  constructed  (according  to  plans  passed  by  the  Local 
"Board).  Having  carried  the  12-inch  drain  into  the  field, 
"the  contractor,  coming  across  ordinary  2-inch  draining 
"  tiles,  connects  the  larger  with  the  smaller  pipes,  and  fills  up 
"  the  trench.  In  a  short  time  a  block  takes  place,  and  the 
"  sewage  bursts  up  into  the  field.  Two  cases  of  typhoid 
"  fever  occurred  in  one  of  the  houses." 


110 


PLATE    LIV. 


w 

- 


8 

I 

8. 

a 

JZ 

a 
_c 

X 


Ill 


PLATE    LV. 


Road   scrapings  and   ash-pit   refuse    for 

l*V^  f\  *+•¥  O  i*       o  in  r\         v**.  I  f\  e+  4-  f\  i/» 


«— »  i~ 

mortar  and    plaster 


This  picture  represents  what  has  been,  I  fear,  only  too 
common  an  occurrence  of  late  years  in  Leeds.  Eoad  scrapings 
from  our  Corporation  depots,  and  the  emptyings  of  common 
ash-pits  instead  of  loads  of  clean  mill  cinders,  have  been 
ground  up  along  with  a  bare  pretence  of  lime,  to  make  the 
mortar  for  setting  the  bricks,  and  the  plaster  for  covering  the 
walls  of  miserable  tenements. 

This  mud-made  mortar  sets  so  slowly,  that  the  builder  has 
to  prop  the  wall  (this  I  have  seen),  and,  as  I  have  often  been 
told,  has  to  light  fires  against  the  wall  to  "  encourage  "  the 
mortar  to  set. 

Walls  plastered  with  such  rubbish  are  slow  in  drying,  have 
large  greasy  patches  which  strike  through  whitewash, 
crumble  when  a  nail  is  driven  into  them,  and  probably  are  a 
prolific  source  of  the  illnesses  from  which  people  suffer  who 
inhabit  newly-finished  houses. 

"  If  you  bray  a  nail  into  the  wall,  half  of  it  comes  down  " — 
said  a  Leeds  victim,  suffering  from  disease  of  lung,  probably 
brought  on  by  the  unwholesomeness  of  the  walls  of  his  house. 

The  following  fact  was  told  by  a  leading  Leeds  builder  to 
the  gentleman  who  related  it  to  me  : — 

"  In  about  fiO  new  l  speculators' '  houses  not  a  single  load 
"  of  clean  lime  was  used— mortar  and  plaster  were  made  of 
"  lime  which  had  done  duty  in  tan  pits  " — therefore  spent, 
and  full  of  animal  cleansings.  The  builders  of  the  houses 
were  also  the  owners. 


112 


PLATE    LV, 


"Road  muck"  and    "midden  refuse"   for  mortar  and 

plaster. 


113 


PLATE    LVI, 

Terrace    of  the   Future    on   the   Refuse 
of  the   Past. 

This  plate  needs  but  few  words.  Until  recently,  no  check 
has  been  put  upon  the  haste  of  speculating  builders,  who 
have  built  thousands  of  houses  on  unhealthy  rubbish  heaps, 
long  before  the  animal  and  vegetable  refuse  has  had  time  to 
ferment,  decompose,  and  cease  to  be  poisonous.  Within 
the  last  few  years,  a  plot  of  land,  which  served  as  the  depot 
for  the  road  scrapings  of  the  Corporation  of  Leeds,  has  been 
covered  with  houses  and  shops.  Such  proceedings  will  surely 
be  impossible  in  the  future  ;  thanks  to  the  new  Building 
Bye- Laws  of  our  town.  Vide  Appendix,  (§  4). 

For  a  vivid  description  of  "  foul  made-ground, "  let 
anyone  read  in  Scribner's  Magazine  for  May,  1881,  an  article 
"  On  the  Sanitary  Condition  of  New  York." 


PLATE    LVI, 


114 


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ns 
Q. 

OJ 


0) 


8 
£ 

0) 


115 


PLATE    LVII. 
Hunting  for  drains.— No   plans. 

This  plate  is  intended  to  enforce  a  lesson  and  to  proclaim 
a  fact.  The  fact  is,  that  it  is  extremely  rare  for  the  owner 
of  a  house,  still  more  rare  for  the  tenant,  to  possess  a  plan  of 
his  drains.  A  house  is  built,  and  sold,  and  occupied,  and 
after  the  lapse  of  a  few  months,  or  it  may  be  a  few  years, 
the  drains  are  blocked,  and  need  examination,  and  no  clue 
can  be  found  to  their  whereabouts.  The  architect,  perhaps, 
is  dead,  the  builder  a  bankrupt,  and  the  workmen  are 
dispersed.  The  lesson  is  that  every  house  ought  to  have 
attached  to  it  a  plan  of  the  drains  as  a  matter  of  right  and 
law. 


116 


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117 


PLATE     LVIII. 
Drains  blocked    by  willow   roots. 

For  the  sketch  and  fact  on  which  this  drawing  is  based,  I 
am  indebted  to  the  Bev.  A.  C.  Black,  of  Burley-in-Wharfe- 
dale : — 

The  main  sewer  of  Burley  was  found  to  be  blocked  close 
to  the  wall  of  the  Vicarage  garden.  The  roots  of  a  very  fine 
willow  tree  had  penetrated  the  joints  of  the  drain  pipes,  and 
having  thriven  and  increased  in  the  congenial  feeding  ground 
within  the  drain,  had  caused  a  block. 

A  second  instance  of  a  drain  blocked  by  willow  roots  was 
communicated  to  me  by  Mrs.  Priestley,  of  Hertford  Street, 
Mayfair. 

A  third  instance  came  to  me  from  the  Eev.  Stephen  Saxby, 
of  East  Clevedon,  who  once  found  20-feet  of  drain  pipes 
.filled  by  willow  roots. 

Moral. — When  laying  drains  in  wet  ground  near  to  willow 
trees,  unite  the  pipes  by  cement,  and  not  by  clay.  The  fine 
roots  can  penetrate  the  clay,  and  so  gain  access  to  the  drain. 
As  a  rule,  however,  clay  is  preferred  as  luting,  being 
constantly  moist  and  not  liable  to  crack. 


PLATE    LVIII. 


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£ 


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V 

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119 


PLATE    LIX. 
Cesspools     under     London     Houses. 

A  London  physician  contributed  the  sketch  from  which  this 
drawing  is  made.  On  investigating  the  sanitary  arrangements 
of  his  house,  he  found  no  less  than  five  cesspools  and 
their  connecting  drains  under  the  basement  of  his  house. 
The  w.  c.  was  in  the  centre  of  the  house,  joining  one  of  the 
cesspools  in  the  cellar.  On  shewing  the  sketch  to  another 
physician,  neighbour  to  the  friend  who  supplied  this  fact, 
he  told  me  that  he  discovered  the  very  same  arrangement  of 
cesspools  in  his  own  house. 

A  lady  friend  writing  from  London  says : — "  In  many 
"  parts  of  London  the  old  cesspools  still  exist,  and  are  only 
"  discovered  by  falling  in.  ( Vide  Plate  XXX  VIII ) .  These 
"  were  never  fairly  done  away  with  when  the  new  system  of 
"  drainage  was  introduced.  In  Edinburgh  numbers  of  the 
"  houses  still  have  cesspools,  which  are  never  emptied  until  a 
"  blockage  takes  place,  or  sickness  breaks  out.  My  youthful 
"  recollections  of  Edinburgh  in  my  father's  handsome  house, 
"  most  beautifully  situated,  recall  abasement  which  must  have 
**  been  flooded  with  sewage.  I  now  know  that  the  drainage 
"  of  the  house  went  into  a  cesspool  which  no  one  ever 
"  enquired  into,  and  which  never  was  emptied  during  the 
"  whole  of  my  youth.  We  were  always  having  fevers,  but  it 
"  was  accepted  as  a  thing  natural  to  youth.  These  reflections 
"  are  dreadful. 

4<  When  a  house  in  Mayfair  was  being  done  up  about 
"  four  years  ago,  the  men  were  digging  at  the  foundations, 
"  when  they  suddenly  broke  into  a  horrible  pit,  the  effluvia 
"  from  which  sent  them  flying  in  all  directions.  It  was  then 
"  found  to  have  been  a  pit  into  which  cattle  had  been  thrown 
"  during  a  murrain  when  Mayfair  was  a  large  farm/' 


PLATE    LIX  m 


120 


121 


PLATE    LX. 

Vicarage  rendered  unhealthy  by  adjoining 
graveyard. 

For  this  fact  I  am  indebted  to  the  Rev.  A.  C.  Downer,  Vicar 
of  Ilkley.  It  was  communicated  to  him  in  a  letter  as  follows  : 
— "  I  strove  to  serve  three  churches  without  even  one  curate, 
and  when  I  was  already  nearly  broken  down  with  this, 
infiltration  from  the  churchyard  into  our  cellars  caused  much 
and  grievous  illness  amongbt  us ;  and  the  mischief  proving 
incurable,  we  were  finally  driven  out  of  our  lovely  vicarage 
altogether.  I  had  for  months  been  prostrate  with  low  fever 
and  ague." 


PLATE    LX. 


122 


0) 

JC 

c 


•a 
£ 


s 


123 


PLATE    LXI. 
Cellar  damp  from  slop  water. 

In  a  vicarage  in  a  Yorkshire  country  town  the  cellars  were 
constantly  "  standing  in  water,"  and  were  so  damp  that  they 
could  not  be  used.  The  water  was  supposed  to  be  surface 
water,  and  the  question  of  an  expensive  drain  to  intercept  the 
water  was  considered. 

The  Vicar's  child,  being  in  ill  health,  was  taken  to  a 
watering  place  and  put  under  medical  treatment.  The  doctor 
suspected  insanitary  conditions  at  home,  and  at  his  suggestion 
an  efficient  sanitary  inspection  was  made,  and  the  conditions 
represented  in  the  plate  were  disclosed. 

The  housemaid's  sink  passed  down  the  wall  of  the  kitchen 
to  join  a  drain,  running  between  the  arched  ceiling  of  the 
cellar  and  the  kitchen  floor,  where  the  drain  passed  over  one 
of  the  piers  of  the  cellar ;  the  drain  pipes  had  settled  down 
and  opened  at  the  joints,  thereby  discharging  all  the  slops 
from  the  housemaid's  sink  through  the  middle  of  the  pier  into 
the  foundations  of  the  cellar  floors 


124 


PLATE    LXI 


0) 


a 
_o 

CO 


a 
E 

•8 


a> 
O 


125 


PLATE    LXM. 
A  villa  at  Cannes. 


Not  many  years  ago  a  lady  was  advised  to  winter  in  the 
South  of  France  for  the  improvement  of  her  health.  Whilst 
she  was  residing  in  a  villa  at  Cannes,  her  maid  fell  ill  of 
typhoid  fever.  The  lady  at  once  took  a  sanitary  survey  of 
the  house,  and  found  that  under  the  maid's  room  there  was  a 
foul  w.c.,  which  discharged  its  contents  into  a  large  tank  in 
the  room  below.  The  overflow  from  the  tank  was  soaking 
the  floor  of  this  room,  which  was  next  to  the  larder  and  close 
by  the  kitchen. 

Moral. — "  Coelum  non  animum  mutant  qui  trans  mare 
currunt."  "  Dangers  to  health  "  are  not  lessened  by  going 
to  Continental  health  resorts. 

The  more  strongly  English  public  opinion  realises  this 
fact  and  makes  its  dissatisfaction  therewith  felt,  the 
sooner  will  the  authorities  of  these  Continental  cities 
feel  that  in  self-interest  they  must  study  and  set  right 
the  grave  sanitary  deficiencies  which  from  time  to  time 
are  but  too  painfully  forced  upon  the  notice  of  the 
English  public. 


126 


PLATE    LXII, 


A   Villa  at   Cannes. 


127 


PLATE    LXIII. 
A  Scotch  mansion  let  for  the  season. 

The  fact  expressed  in  this  picture  was  told  to  me  by  a 
colleague.  He  was  called  into  Scotland  to  see  a  lady  ill  in 
puerperal  fever,  her  husband  having  taken  the  house  for  the 
double  purpose  of  a  summer  holiday  and  also  of  securing  a 
healthy  place  for  the  event  which  was  expected. 

The  kind  of  illness  suggested  insanitary  conditions  and  an 
investigation.  The  result  of  the  inspection  of  the  house  was 
communicated  to  me  by  the  father-in-law  of  the  lady  as 
follows. — "  There  were  nine  w.c's.,  six  of  them  in  the  centre 
of  the  house.  All  the  communications  from  them  were  under 
the  house  and  passed  to  the  front,  where  the  main  drain  went. 
About  forty  yards  from  the  house  the  pipe  from  the  laundry 
joined  the  main  drain,  and  here  a  stoppage  was  found. 
Beyond  this  junction  the  drain  was  continued  to  the  river 
three  quarters  of  a  mile.  I  examined  the  drain  beyond  the 
stoppage,  and  was  certain  that  no  sewage  had  passed  for  a 
long  time.  I  was  satisfied  that  the  pipe  near  the  house  was 
only  a  cesspool." 

Moral. — In  selecting  a  house  for  a  summer  holiday  don't 
forget  to  look  after  the  drains,  and  if  possible  have  the  house 
examined  by  an  inspector  on  whom  you  can  rely. 


PLATE    LXIII, 


128 


o 

u 
CO 


o 
'55 

E 
Ctf 


LJJ 


129 

PLATE    LXIV. 

Shooting   Box   in   the   Highlands. 

The  wife  of  a  medical  friend  of  mine  preceded  her  husband 
to  the  Highlands  that  she  might  set  in  order  the  shooting 
lodge  before  the  arrival  of  her  husband  and  his  guests.  Being 
well  informed  in  sanitary  requirements  and  deficiencies,  she 
did  not  take  it  for  granted  that  her  orders  had  been  strictly 
carried  out,  that  the  drainage  should  be  put  into  perfect  order. 

That  she  might  test  the  main  drain,  she  posted  herself  at 
the  empty  cesspool,  whilst  her  daughter,  stationed  at  the  house, 
gave  a  signal,  when  several  buckets  of  water  were  poured  into 
the  drain ;  after  long  waiting  some  driblets  of  water  reached 
the  cesspool,  not  through  the  drain,  but  through  chinks  in 
the  side  of  the  cesspool. 

Inference.     Drains  must  be  blocked. 

Workmen  came,  found  the  drain  running  up-hill  and 
blocked  by  roots  of  willow  tree.  (1.  A.) 

The  drain  was  relaid  with  a  proper  fall,  (1.  B.)  The  pipes 
were  jointed  in  cement  instead  of  clay  in  order  to  shut  out 
willow  roots  and  such  like  intruders,  and  five  openings  to  the 
surface  were  provided  in  order  to  secure  ample  ventilation  of 
the  pipes.  The  lady  meantime  sat  by  knitting  and  watching 
the  whole  of  the  work. 

Figure -2  is  drawn,  in  error,  too  much  like  the  other  two. 
It  is  intended,  however,  to  represent  a  separate  drain  from 
the  laundry  to  a  separate  cesspool.  A  fortnight  after  the 
assembling  of  the  visitors,  a  stench  was  complained  of  by  the 
laundry  maids.  On  investigation  it  was  found  that  the  pipe 
by  which  the  laundry  cesspool  overflowed  was  at  a  higher 
level  than  the  pipe  through  which  the  cesspool  was  filled,  the 
result  being  that  before  any  overflow  could  take  place  the 
level  of  fluid  in  the  cesspool  must  rise  above  the  inlet  pipe 
and  close  it  to  all  escape  of  air  and  sewer  gas. 

For  an  interesting  history  of  this  "  shooting  box  "  and  its 
sanitary  renaissance,  read  "  Our  Highland  Home,"  published 
by  the  National  Health  Society,  44,  Berners  Street,  London. 
Price  Id. 


PLATE     LXIV. 


130 


1.    B. 


''  One  eye  for  her  work,  and  another  for  the  workmen. 


A  Highland  Shooting  Lodge. 


131 


PLATE    LXV. 


Manure  heap  piled  against  the  wall  of 
a  house. 


Although  I  have  no  authentic  facts  to  relate  in  proof  of 
the  dangers  involved  in  the  conditions  here  depicted,  I  have 
strong  reason  to  believe  that  in  two  instances  they  were  the 
source  of  diphtheria. 

In  a  farm  house,  high  up  on  the  moors  of  Yorkshire,  a  case 
of  diphtheria  occurred.  There  was  no  house  near  it,  and  no 
known  source  of  contagion. 

In  another  instance  in  a  small  farm  house  high  up  in  the 
Welsh  hills,  diphtheria  broke  out. 

The  only  obvious  insanitary  condition  (and  this  common  to 
both)  was  the  condition  of  the  stable  yard,  the  manure  being 
habitually  piled  up  against  the  wall  of  the  house,  so  that 
both  wall  and  floor  were  damp. 

Such  conditions  are  unsafe,  even  though  they  may  not  have 
been,  as  I  have  surmised,  the  cause  of  the  diphtheria. 

A  medical  friend  told  me  of  illness  in  a  house  which  he 
attributed  to  a  similar  cause.  All  the  sanitary  arrangements 
of  the  house  had  been  carried  out  with  great  care,  the  w.c.'s, 
sinks,  and  baths  being  disconnected,  but  the  side  wall  of  the 
house  and  of  a  cellar  beneath  had  recently  become  damp, 
from  a  large  heap  of  manure  placed  against  the  side  of  the 
house  by  the  gardener,  and  used  us  a  hot  bed. 


132 


PLATE    LXV. 


133 


PLATE     LXVI. 

Vaccination   and   drainage  faults. 

When  a  case  of  death  or  serious  illness  occurs  after 
vaccination,  it  is  generally  seized  hold  of  by  "  misguided 
and  imperfectly  informed  persons,"  who  make  capital  out  of 
it,  in  order  to  induce  people  to  believe  that  vaccination  is 
injurious  and  useless.  In  the  trials  that  such  persons  get  up 
the  fact  is  often  brought  out  that  several  infants  have  been 
vaccinated  from  6ne  source,  and  that,  whilst  one  infant  has 
suffered  seriously  after  the  vaccination,  the  rest  have  passed 
through  it  without  a  drawback.  It  is  clear  that,  in  the  one 
exceptional  case,  some  factor  distinct  from  the  vaccine  is 
needed  to  explain  the  result. 

The  following  facts,  related  to  me  by  Mr.  Edward 
Atkinson,  of  Leeds,  may  throw  light  on  such  cases. 

A  healthy  child,  aged  4  months,  went  on  well  until  the  9th 
day  after  vaccination,  when  it  became  feverish,  and  abscesses 
formed  in  the  finger  and  ankle.  The  illness  suggested  an 
inspection  of  the  drains,  when  it  was  found  that  the  waste 
pipes  of  a  lavatory  and  bath  near  the  nursery  were  untrapped, 
and  passed  direct  into  a  soil  pipe. 

Dr.  Britton,  of  Halifax,  tells  me  of  an  instance  in  which 
erysipelas  attending  vaccination  was  traced  to  an  open 
cesspool  just  under  the  nursery  window. 


PLATE    LXVI, 


134 


135 


PLATE    LXVM. 
Arsenical   Wall    Papers. 

This  danger  cannot  well  be  expressed  in  a  drawing.  In 
order,  however,  to  keep  to  the  fundamental  principle  of  the 
book,  viz.,  to  appeal  to  the  eye  in  order  to  enforce  every 
lesson,  this  plate  is  given  as  expressing  the  fact  of  arsenical 
paper  being  stripped  off  a  wall. 

Much  has  been  written  in  medical  and  lay  journals  of  the 
injury  to  health  inflicted  by  arsenic  in  wall  papers. 

During  the  last  four  years  I  have  traced  ailments  to  this 
cause  in  several  instances,  and  I  keep,  as  trophies,  pieces  of 
the  detected  and  condemned  papers. 

About  seven  years  ago  my  own  children  were  unwell  from 
sleeping  in  a  newly-papered  bedroom.  The  paper  had  a 
brilliant  green  pattern,  and  was  guaranteed  "  free  from 
arsenic."  The  illness  of  one  child  after  another  led  me  to 
have  the  paper  examined  by  my  friend  Mr.  Scattergood,  and 
he  reported  the  paper  full  of  arsenic  in  a  loose  and  dangerous 
form.  The  paperhanger  was  dismayed,  replaced  the  paper, 
and,  I  believe,  no  longer  takes  "  warranted  "  papers  on  trust. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  this  book,  the 
dangers  from  arsenic  in  wall  papers  and  other  articles  of 
every- day  use  have  received  ample  illustration  from  the  facts 
most  industriously  collected  by  Mr.  Henry  Carr,  21,  Cedars 
Eoad,  Clapham,  who  has  written  a  pamphlet  and  lectured 
before  the  Society  of  Arts  on  the  subject.  Speaking  of  this 
illustration,  he  says  "  you  want  another  figure.  A  man  going 
away — can  stand  it  no  longer.  This  is  a  common  fact." 

Akin  to  this  subject  is  the  filthy  custom  of  placing  a  new 
paper  on  a  wall  without  stripping  off  the  old  one.  In  one 
instance  five  papers  were  removed  from  the  wall  of  a  room, 
the  occupants  of  which  had  been  constantly  ill. 


136 


PLATE    LXVII. 


137 


PLATE    LXVIII, 


Admission  of  Fresh    Air  and   Exclusion 

of  Dirt. 


It  is  with  some  diffidence  that  I  venture  to  offer  remarks  on 
ventilation. 

Without  entering  on  a  discussion  of  the  merits  of  various 
plans  proposed  for  admitting  fresh  air  into  rooms,  I  will 
state  what  has  been  done  in  a  house,  specially  fitted  for  the 
use  of  invalids,  and  in  my  own  consulting-room.  Bearing  in 
mind  the  teaching  of  Plate  III.,  that  the  chimney  has  to  be 
supplied  with  air,  a  Tobin's  tube,  with  a  sectional  area 
about  equal  to  the  chimney  pot,  was  placed  in  each 
room.  The  effect  of  this  is  that  the  rooms  are  constantly 
fresh  night  and  day,  that  irregular  draughts  are  much 
reduced,  and  that,  except  in  cold  weather  (an  outside 
temperature  below  32°),  the  ventilators  are  rarely  closed. 

Having  secured  for  each  room  its  own  supply  of  air  for 
the  chimney,  the  next  question  was,  how  to  clean  the  air, 
and  exclude  the  dirt.  I  had  long  seen  that,  if  air  is  to  pass 
through  a  screen  without  retardation  of  the  current  entering 
the  room  through  the  tube,  the  area  of  the  screen  must  be 
many  times  (perhaps  10  or  15  times)  the  area  of  the  section 
of  the  tube.  Acting  upon  a  suggestion  of  Messrs.  Bapty, 
of  Leeds  and  Bombay,  I  requested  Messrs.  Harding,  of  East 
Parade,  Leeds,  to  place  a  screen,  if  possible,  in  the  tube 
itself,  telling  them  that  the  screen  must  be  at  least  ten  times 
the  area  of  the  section  of  the  tube,  and  that  the  section  of  the 


Ventilation  without  Dirt. 


139 

tube  must  equal  the  section  of  the  chimney  pot.  Mr.  Joseph 
Harding  very  shortly  hit  upon  the  happy  idea  of  placing  the 
screen  (B)  in  the  tube  diagonally  from  top  to  bottom,  and  thus 
achieved  what  I  was  seeking. 

Recently,  Messrs.  Harding  have  invented  a  means 
of  admitting  air  into  a  room  without  draught,  named  a 
"  Diffuser  "  (E).  It  is  a  contrivance  by  which  the  fresh  air  is 
shot  into  the  room  through  a  series  of  short  tubes  placed  in 
the  front  and  sides  of  a  box.  This  box  being  placed  near 
the  ceiling,  the  cold  air  mixes  with  the  warm  air,  and  thereby 
no  draught  is  felt.  The  form  of  ventilation,  therefore,  which 
I  have  found  to  answer  best  is  a  combination  of  Harding's 
"  Diffuser,"  with  the  broad  flat  tube  containing  a  screen. 
The  arrangement  by  which  the  whole  front  of  the  tube 
opens  on  hinges  (vide  door  0),  is  an  improvement  made  by 
Messrs.  Harding  since  the  publication  of  my  third  Edition. 
It  has  two  advantages  :  the  first,  that  the  screen  can  be  more 
readily  removed  for  cleaning ;  the  second,  a  very  valuable 
point,  that  in  summer,  when  there  is  no  fire  in  the  room  to 
overcome  friction  and  draw  a  good  current  of  air  through  the 
screen  and  "Diffuser,"  this  door  can  be  left  wide  open,  when, 
under  the  pressure  of  air  outside  the  building,  there  is  an 
almost  constant  current  through  the  screen.  It  is  virtually 
a  window  open  day  and  night  with  "  no  admittance  to  dirt." 
To  render  the  exclusion  of  dirt  more  perfect,  the  window  is 
shut  down  upon  a  strip  of  carpet  or  plush,  and  the  junction  of 
the  two  window  sashes  is  pasted  up  with  paper.  The  result 
is  that  in  the  centre  of  a  dirty,  smoky  town  I  can  keep  my 
library  free  from  smits.  I  am  satisfied  that  by  means  of  this 
apparatus  we  can  secure  in  a  town  freshness  of  atmosphere, 
absence  of  draught,  and  exclusion  of  dirt. 

(A)  is  the  grate  in  the  outer  wall,  to  keep  out  birds  and 
mice.      This  grate  must  not  "  throttle  "  the  air,  i.e.,  must  not 
admit  less  air  than  the  tube  it  has  to  supply  can  carry. 

(B)  is  the  screen  covered  with   canvas  or  bunting.      It 
slides  in  grooves,  and  is  removed  twice  a  week  that  it  may  be 
brushed  by  a  soft  brush,  or  the  meshes  would  be  choked. 

(C)  is  a  door  to  allow  the  screen  to  be  withdrawn  for  the 
purpose  of  cleansing. 

(E)  Harding's  "  Diffuser." 

Harding's  "  Diffuser "  is  patented,  but  the  screen  is  not 
patented. 


140 


R  A 

or  THC 
UNIVERSITY 


Floral   Art   Ventilator. 


The  Floral  Art  Ventilator  is  an  elegant  contrivance  for 
introducing  fresh  air  into  a  room  by  the  open  window 
without  draught.  An  inner  casement  serves  the  double 
purpose  of  a  screen,  and  a  conservatory,  within  which 
growing  plants  purify  and  moisten  the  air,  as  it  passes 
upwards. 

It  has  been  designed  by  the  wife  of  a  physician  liviug  in 
Mayfair,  and  is  most  artistic  in  effect.  In  winter  it  may  act 
as  a  double  window  to  keep  out  the  cold,  or  as  a  fire-screen 
to  keep  off  the  heat.  The  invention  has  been  registered  by 
the  National  Health  Society,  to  whom  it  was  presented,  and 
has  been  introduced  to  the  public  by  Messrs.  Howell  &  James, 
of  Eegent  Street,  who  are  sole  licencees. 


Finally,  let  me  remind  my  readers  that  all  passive 
ventilators  for  the  admission  of  air  depend  essentially  for 
their  efficiency  upon  the  indraught  of  fires  in  a  room  or 
house,  or  upon  wind  pressure  outside  the  house. 


141 

PLATE     LXIX. 


Why  Glass   Cases  don't  exclude  Dust,  and 
how  to  make  them  do  so. 


Dust  is  the  ruin  of  collections  in  museums,  and  a  perpetual 
source  of  most  annoying  expense.  It  is  a  discredit  to  science 
that  we  have  not  conquered  such  an  extravagant  enemy,  and 
yet  I  feel  sure  that  the  remedy  is  a  simple  one,  if  we  will 
but  ask  ourselves  the  question  :  why  does  dust  always  enter 
the  most  carefully  made  glass  cases  ? 

The  answer  is  clear.  The  air  inside  the  case  is  constantly 
altering  in  volume,  under  changes  of  temperature,  and  changes 
of  barometric  pressure.  This  perpetual  variation  causes  the 
entrance  of  perpetual  currents  of  dirt-laden  air  through  minute 
crevices.  What,  then,  should  be  done  ?  First  and  foremost, 
the  fact  must  be  acknowledged,  and  a  sufficient  air  channel 
made,  so  that  (as  in  Plate  III.)  the  air  may  enter  by  the 
"legitimate"  channel,  and  the  "irregular"  channels  may 
cease  to  act ;  next,  the  "  legitimate  "  channel  must  screen  the 
air.  For  achieving  this  let  me  venture  to  make  several 
suggestions. 

Suggestion  A. — This  is  an  inverted  square  tube,  of  a  section 
4  inches  square,  attached  to  the  side  of  a  glass  case  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Leeds  Philosophical  and  Literary  Society. 
The  mouth  of  the  tube  is  filled  with  %/*%-packed  cotton 
wool.  In  a  few  months  the  outer  part  of  the  wool  was 
blackened  with  dust.  Such  a  tube,  however,  is  probably  far 
too  small. 

Suggestion  B. — That  one  or  both  ends  of  a  glass  case  be 
closed  with  wire,  for  safety,  and  the  wire  covered  with  baize 
or  bunting,  which  would  admit  the  air  and  exclude  the  dirt. 

Suggestion  C. — This,  if  it  would  act,  would  be  the  most 
scientific,  most  self-acting,  and  most  perfect.  It  is  based  on 
a  suggestion  of  Dr.  Eddison,  of  Leeds: — Having  ascertained 
from  Professor  Eiicker  that  the  volume  of  air  in  a  case  will 
vary  in  volume  about  one-tenth,  it  occurred  to  me  that  the 
back  of  a  glass  case  might  be  made  double,  the  distance 
between  the  two  backs  being  equal  to  one-tenth  of  the  depth 
of  the  case  from  front  to  back.  Then  if  the  "  inner  back  " 
stopped  short  of  the  top  of  the  case  by  two  inches,  and  the 
"  outer  back"  stopped  short  of  the  floor  by  two  inches,  there 
would  be  free  ingress  and  egress  of  air  between  the  interior 
of  the  case  and  the  space  within  the  double  back,  but  the 
outer  dirt-carrying  air  would  never  directly  reach  the  interior. 


142 


PLATE    LXIX. 


0" 

o 


w 


o 

JC 


00 

a 


143 

PLATE    LXX, 


Window  Ventilator"    in    the    Roof   of    a 
Brougham. 


Having,  during  the  last  eight  or  nine  years,  derived  much 
comfort  from  the  window  ventilator,  I  wish  to  publish  this 
for  the  benefit,  more  especially,  of  my  medical  brethren.  As 
many  of  them  spend  a  great  part  of  their  life  inside  a  carriage, 
it  is  for  them  highly  important : — Firstly,  that  they  should 
breathe  as  pure  an  air  as  possible,  and  that  without  the 
infliction  of  a  draught : — Secondly,  that  they  should  be  able 
to  read  with  the  best  light  attainable,  a  roof  light,  and  avoid 
the  distressing  variations  of  the  side  light  in  passing  through 
the  streets. 

The  idea  of  a  roof  light  was  suggested  to  me  by  my  friend 
Mr.  E;  P.  Oglesby.  On  giving  instructions  for  the  roof  light 
to  the  carriage  builder,  Mr.  Bradley,  of  Leeds,  he  suggested 
that  the  window  should  be  on  a  hinge,  and  should  open 
backwards,  and  thus  supply  ventilation.  The  result  exceeded 
my  expectations.  The  following  points  must  be  attended  to 
in  its  construction : — 

The  size  of  the  window  should  be  about  18  inches  by  8. 

The  position  should  be  vertically  over  the  place  in  which 
the  book  is  held,  i.e.,  over  the  knees.  This  is  important  for 
three  reasons — the  first,  that  it  is  the  best  position  for  illu- 
minating the  book ;  the  second,  that  if  there  should  be  a  strong 
wind  from  the  rear,  no  draught  can  come  upon  the  head ;  the 
third,  that  if  during  rain  an  occasional  drop  of  water  enters, 
it  will  not  fall  on  the  cushion,  but  on  the  floor,  or  on  a  rug  on 
the  knee. 


PLATE    LXX. 


144 


1 

CD 


8 

QC 

0) 


c 

<D 

I 


U5 

The  elevation  is  secured  by  a  small  rack  and  prop. 

The  closure,  (very  rarely  needed,)  is  important.  If  the 
window  be  fixed  closely  down,  the  vibration  sucks  in  water 
during  rain,  and  causes  dripping.  This  is  avoided  if  a  hook 
fastener  fixes  it  one-sixth  of  an  inch  open. 

In  winter  the  air  of  the  brougham  remains  quite  fresh,  even 
with  three  persons,  without  the  need  of  opening  any  side 
windows.  The  following  experiment  is  interesting : — Travelling 
one  frosty  day  with  two  companions,  and  observing  the 
windows  of  other  carriages  dull  with  "  steam,"  whilst  my  own 
were  clear,  I  closed  the  roof  ventilator,  and  in  five  minutes  the 
whole  of  the  windows  were  covered  with  steam.  The  ventilator 
was  then  opened,  and  in  five  minutes  more  three-fourths  of 
the  windows  were  clear. 

May  not  much  of  the  delicacy  of  hard- worked  medical  men 
be  caused  by  their  breathing  in  their  carriages  a  deteriorated 
air,  with  the  alternative  of  draughts,  which  their  enfeebled 
health  can  ill  endure  ?  May  not  such  a  ventilator  enable 
them  to  throw  away  the  respirator  so  commonly  used  ? 

Several  medical  men  in  Leeds  and  elsewhere  have  adopted 
the  roof  ventilator. 

I  recently  (1883)  discovered  that,  in  the  absence  of  a 
strong  wind  to  the  rear,  and  when  the  brougham  is  in  motion, 
the  current  of  air  is  entirely  outward  at  the  ventilator,  thus 
providing  a  more  rapid  change  of  the  air  than  I  was  aware 
of,  the  ventilator  acting  as  an  "extractor."  In  fact,  when 
the  carnage  is  moving,  the  air  enters  by  the  imperceptible 
crevices  around  the  door  and  windows  from  pressure  of  the 
air  outside,  and  escapes  in  a  full  current,  as  is  shewn  by  a 
lighted  match,  by  the  ventilator,  thus  rapidly  changing 
the  air  without  a  perceptible  draught. 


146 


DEFECTS 

NOT    ILLUSTRATED. 
I. 

W.O.  ventilated  into  false  roof. 


(Communicated  by  Mr.  A.  "W.  M.  Robson,  of  Leeds). 
Mr.  A.'s  children  had  good  health  until  they  came  to 
live  in  Leeds,  after  which  they  were  constantly  ailing,  and 
one  child  died  of  infantile  remittent  fever.  The  room 
containing  the  w.c.  was  ventilated  by  a  shaft  into  the  false 
roof,  beneath  which  was  the  nursery.  After  this  shaft  had 
been  carried  completely  through  the  roof  into  the  open  air, 
no  further  sickness  occurred  during  the  remainder  of  their 
stay  in  Leeds,  which  was  about  two  years. 

II. 

Soil-pipe  ventilated  into  false  roof. 

(Communicated  by  Mr.  Dale  James,  of  Sheffield). 

A  gutter  in  the  false  roof  originally  conducted  the  rain- 
water to  a  cistern  inside  the  house.  When  afterwards  the 
cistern  was  fed  from  the  public  water  supply,  the  rain-water 
was  diverted  from  the  cistern  in  the  following  manner : — 
Instead  of  being  conveyed  by  a  fall-pipe  outside  the  house, 
it  was  allowed  to  escape  by  an  cpen-mouthed  pipe  ending  in 
the  top  of  the  soil-pipe,  thereby  allowing  the  ascent  of  all 
the  sewer  gas  from  the  soil-pipe  into  the  false  roof,  whence  it 
was  drawn  into  the  house. 

A  second  instance  of  the  kind  is  related  to  me  by  Mr. 
M.  M.  McHardy,  of  Savile  Row,  W.  In  this  case  an  open 
gutter  in  a  bedroom  concealed  only  by  boards,  after  receiving 
the  overflow  of  a  cistern  and  the  slops  of  a  sink,  discharged 
into  a  rainfall  pipe,  which,  after  receiving  the  soil-pipe  of  the 
w.c.,  ended  in  a  closed  drain.  The  drain  and  soil-pipe  were 
thus  put  into  direct  open  communication  with  the  upper  rooms 
of  the  house. 


147 

III. 

Defective  junction    ot    ventilating    pipe 
with  soil  pipe 

Not  long  ago  an  eminent  lawyer  and  his  wife  died  of 
typhoid  fever. 

After  this  event,  it  was  discovered  that  a  ventilator  was 
taken  from  the  upper  bend  of  the  soil  pipe  inside  the  house, 
and  that  at  the  point  of  junction  the  soldering  was  defective, 
so  that  the  soil  pipe  really  was  ventilated  directly  into  the 
house. 

IV. 

Cesspool  directly  below  bedroom  window, 

(Communicated  by  the  late  Dr.  Moore,  of  Lancaster.) 
A  young  gentleman  who  was  in  the  habit  of  sleeping  with 
his  window  open,  was  always  ill  when  he  came  home  and 
occupied  a  certain  room.  After  a  time  he  changed  his  room 
and  the  malady  ceased.  The  discovery  was  then  made  of  a 
large  cesspool  immediately  below  his  former  bedroom  window. 

V, 


Foul  smell  in  drawing-room  introduced 
by  air-brick  under  floor. 

(Communicated  by  Mr.  Henry  Carr,  of  21,  Cedars  Eoad, 
Clapham,  who  has  kindly  sent  me  a  sketch.) 
Foul  smell  in  drawing  room.  Hollow  space  under  floor 
ventilated  by  "  air  bricks."  Opposite  an  "  air  brick "  an 
imperfect  joint  of  a  fall  pipe.  Fall  pipe  leading  into  a  drain 
and  cesspool. — "  My  attention  was  first  drawn  to  the  rain 
water  pipe  by  observing  a  cobalt  blue  mark  just  above  the 
joint."  In  this  case  it  would  seem  that  the  sewer  gas,  as  it 
escaped  from  the  joint  of  the  fall  pipe,  was  drawn  through  the 
air  brick  under  the  floor,  and  then  between  the  boards  into 
the  room.— (Vide  Plate  III.) 


148 
VI. 

Air-space  under  dining-room  floor,  used 
for  rubbish. 


(Communicated  by  Mr.  E.  N.  Hartley.) 

Air-space  left  under  dining  room  with  through  ventilation 
to  keep  foundations  dry.  From  this  a  trap  door  opening 
into  wash  kitchen.  The  former  occupants  of  the  house  seem 
to  have  made  this  space  a  convenient  receptacle  for  all  kinds 
of  household  rubbish  of  various  degrees  of  offensiveness. 

VII. 

A  Continental  Hotel. 

(Communicated  by  Mr.  Joshua  Hartley,  Surgeon,  of  Malton.) 

A  hotel  abroad  with  central  court  (roofed  in).  In  the 
middle  of  the  floor  an  open  grating  leading  untrapped  into  a 
drain.  Many  bedroom  windows  opening  into  the  court. 

VIII. 

Drain  blocked   by  old  wall  papers. 

(Communicated  by  Dr.  Fitzgerald,  of  8,  Palace  Road,  S.E.) 

An  instance  of  illness,  produced  by  the  obstruction  of  a 
drain  in  a  newly  painted  and  papered  house.  The  workmen 
had  disposed  of  the  paper  which  they  scraped  from  the  walls 
by  putting  it  into  the  drain. 


149 


IX. 

House  drains  sealed  up  during  the 
making  of  a  new  sewer. 

(Communicated  by  Dr.  Clifford  Allbutt) 

Cases  of  drain  illness  in  a  house  ;  the  doctor  in  attendance 
blames  the  drains ;  urgent  denial ;  re-assertion ;  investigation. 
It  was  found  that,  in  making  a  new  main  sewer  below  the 
level  of  the  old  sewer,  the  workmen  had  sealed  up  the  portion 
of  the  old  sewer  which  received  the  drains  of  the  house,  with- 
out making  any  attempt  to  connect  these  house  drains  with 
the  new  main  sewer. 

X. 

Neglect  to  connect   new  drains  with 
sewer. 


.  (Communicated  by  Mr.  Eobert  Hagyard.) 

A  new  and  carefully  planned  system  of  sewers  was  laid 
down  in  a  small  town  not  far  from  Leeds.  The  soil-pipes  of 
two  w.c.'s,  together  with  the  sink  waste-pipes  from  a  row  of 
six  houses,  were  united  into  one  drain  which  was  earned  to 
the  main  sewer.  For  eight  months  the  sewage  collected  in 
these  pipes,  and  eventually  burst  into  the  cellar  of  one  of  the 
houses,  which  was  found  to  be  filled  to  a  depth  of  two  and  a 
half  feet  with  nearly  solid  sewage.  It  was  then  discovered 
that  the  drain  of  eight-inch  pipes  had  been  conveyed  to  a 
six-inch  junction  in  the  main  sewer,  and  that  the  disc  closing, 
temporarily,  the  junction  had  never  been  removed. 


150 
XI. 

Foul  smell  drawn   into  kitchen  through 
disconnected  drain  pipe. 

(Communicated  by  Mr.  Wm.  Wailes) . 
Bad  drain  smell  in  kitchen,  especially  when  a  large  fire  was 
used  in  cooking.  Untrapped  waste  of  sink  delivered  into  the 
open  air  over  a  grating  which  led  untrapped  into  a  sewer, 
and,  under  the  influence  of  the  strong  indraught  of  the  fire, 
conducted  the  foul  smell  into  the  kitchen. 

XII. 


Soil  pipe  within  a   house  laid  open  by  a 
falling  brick. 

(Communicated  by  Dr.  Swan  wick,  of  West  Hartlepool). 

In  a  house  in  which  great  care  had  been  taken  to  disconnect 
waste  and  sink  pipes,  first  one  daughter,  and  then  a  second 
was  taken  ill  with  sore  throat.  The  drains,  though  considered 
perfect,  were  examined,  and  a  large  hole  was  found  in  the 
leaden  soil  pipe,  against  which  was  seen  a  fallen  brick.  The 
soil  pipe,  of  course,  had  been  boxed  off  and  concealed. 

XIII. 

W,O.  opening  out  of  bedroom 
Erysipelas, 

Nearly  25  years  ago  my  father  attended  a  gentleman  who 
had  received  a  compound  fracture  of  the  skull.  The  gentleman 
went  on  well  for  three  weeks,  and  then  had  erysipelas  and 
died.  Eecently  I  was  able  to  enquire  about  the  sanitary 
surroundings.  A  lady  who  helped  to  nurse  the  patient  had 
to  leave  a  few  days  before  the  gentleman's  death,  as  she  was 
ill  with  sore  throat.  She  told  me  that  a  w.c.,  generally 
disused,  and  brought  into  use  during  the  illness,  opened 
directly  into  the  bedroom. 

I  have  been  told  of  a  large  country  house  in  which,  in  the 
state  bedroom,  there  is  in  the  middle  of  the  room  a  w.c. 
disguised  as  an  ottoman.  Comment  on  the  danger  is 
unnecessary. 


151 


XIV. 


Horizontal  transmission  of  sewer  gas  to  a 
room  distant  twenty-two  feet. 


(Communicated  by  Dr.  Oliver,  of  Harrogate.) 

In  the  winter  of  1878  the  atmosphere  of  his  consulting 
room  became  unpleasant,  especially  at  the  end  nearest  the 
kitchen.  Drains  were  suspected  and  overhauled,  but  no 
defect  was  discovered.  There  was  no  drain  near  the  room.  In 
the  following  spring  matters  became  worse,  and  Dr.  Oliver 
had  a  serious  illness  of  the  kind  produced  by  drain  poison. 
This  led  to  the  examination  of  the  drain  in  the  scullery, 
which  was  separated  from  the  consulting  room  by  the  kitchen. 
The  boards  were  on  this  occasion  taken  up,  and  a  hole  was 
discovered  in  the  pipe  passing  from  the  sink  to  the  drain. 
Previous  investigators  had  been  content  to  look  at  the  trap 
under  the  sink  and  "above  board,"  and  had  forgotten  or 
never  known  the  lesson  taught  in  Plate  XIX.  This  defect 
was  remedied,  and  all  unpleasantness  in  the  consulting  room 
ceased.  It  would  seem  that  the  sewer  gas  had  been  conveyed 
from  the  scullery,  and  past  the  kitchen,  along  the  rafters 
supporting  the  floor  to  the  corner  of  the  consulting  room,  a 
distance  of  twenty-two  feet,  and  had  penetrated  the  room 
behind  the  skirting  board,  which  had  been  loosened  by 
hammering  during  the  laying  down  of  some  hot  water  pipes. 


152 


XV. 


Drain   blocked    by  "vermin"  traps  or 
grates. 


Two  instances  of  this  intensely  stupid  arrangement  have 
been  brought  under  my  notice. 

In  order  to  prevent  rats  from  running  up  a  drain  into  the 
house,  a  grating  is  sometimes  inserted  into  a  drain,  the 
ingenious  authors  of  this  wonderful  mechanism  forgetting 
that  bars  which  shut  out  rats  will  also  shut  in  the  solid 
portions  of  sewage,  which  in  time  collect  against  the  grating 
and  stop  it  up  completely. 

The  first  instance  occurred  many  years  ago  in  Leeds,  and 
was  related  to  me  by  the  son  of  the  occupier  of  the  house. 
His  father  had  a  severe  attack  of  erysipelas,  and  recovered. 
Not  long  after  he  had  a  second  attack,  which  proved  fatal. 
During  the  second  illness,  at  the  instance  of  his  medical 
attendants,  the  drains  were  examined.  It  was  found  that  a 
recently  constructed  w.c.  had  been  connected  with  an  old 
square  drain  passing  under  the  dining-room,  and  that  this 
drain  was  blocked  in  consequence  of  a  grating  placed  at  its 
exit  from  the  house  in  order  to  keep  out  the  rats. 

The  second  case  was  recently  discovered  in  the  house  of  a 
relative  of  Mr.  H.  B.  He  wet  son,  of  Leeds. 

Illness  led  to  investigation  of  drains  and  the  discovery  that 
they  were  blocked  by  a  grating,  the  bars  of  which  would 
barely  admit  a  knife  between  them.  This  had  been  placed 
in  the  drain  as  a  protection  against  "  vermin." 


153 


XVI. 

Obstructed  drains  in   new  houses, 


(Communicated  by  Dr.  Yeale,  Harrogate). 

'  I  entered  my  present  house  in  April,  1878.  The  house 
was  a  new  one,  semi-detached,  the  adjoining  one  being 
unoccupied.  In  July  my  wife  complained  to  me  that  about 
4  o'clock  every  afternoon  she  smelt  sewage.  At  first  I  took 
no  notice  of  her  complaint,  feeling  assured  that  nothing  could 
so  soon  be  at  fault,  but  shortly  afterwards  some  of  my 
children  having  occasional  attacks  of  diarrhoea,  I  requested 
my  landlord,  a  very  intelligent  man,  a  plumber,  to  examine 
my  drain.  On  doing  so,  we  found  the  main  drain  completely 
blocked  abont  5  or  6  yards  from  the  house.  On  asking  my 
landlord  how  he  could  account  for  the  blocking  so  soon  after 
occupation  he  said  : — "  The  only  cause  I  can  assign  for  it  is 
that  during  the  time  workmen  are  in  a  house  they  use  wood 
shavings  at  the  closet  instead  of  paper,  and  as  the  house  on 
completion  was  not  occupied  at  once,  the  shavings,  for  want 
of  water,  lodged,  became  dry  and  hardened,  and  being 
insoluble,  formed  an  obstruction." 

XVII. 


Bell-wire    tubes    as    conductors    of 
sewer  gas. 


Professor  Corfield  tells  me  that  on  more  than  one  occasion 
he  has  met  with  this  condition. 


154 
XVIII. 


A   County    Infirmary. 


I  cannot  refrain  from  giving  the  following  graphic  account, 
by  Mr.  W.  D.  James,  of  Sheffield,  of  the  conditions  discovered, 
not  many  years  ago,  in  one  of  our  County  Infirmaries ; 
conditions  in  many  respects  no  doubt,  until  recently,  to  be 
found  in  not  a  small  number  of  our  old  hospitals ;  and  to  be 
found,  I  strongly  suspect,  even  at  the  present  time,  in  one  of  the 
County  Asylums.  In  this  Asylum  outbreaks  of  erysipelas 
were  still  rife  a  short  time  ago,  but  out  of  tender  regard  for 
the  feelings  of  the- Survey  or,  who  is  responsible  for  the  state  of 
the  drains,  the  authorities  refused  to  institute  an  investigation 
by  a  competent  and  independent  inspector. 

The    letters    ABC   refer    to    a    ground    plan    which 
accompanied  the  letter. 

"  I  was  house  surgeon  at  the  —  Infirmary  a  few  years  ago, 
and  for  the  greater  part  of  the  time  suffered  from  sudden 
attacks  of  sore  throat,  accompanied  by  great  prostration. 
These  always  came  on  in  the  night  when  I  had  gone  to  bed 
quite  well.  The  nurses  were  always  ailing  in  the  same  way. 
In  eighteen  months  we  had  three  distinct  epidemics  of 
erysipelas,  once  having  to  close  the  accident  wards  and 
suspend  all  operations.  On  examination  every  w.c.  was 
defective,  some  joints  being  made  of  red  lead  spread  on 
brown  paper  and  put  round  the  leaking  pipe.  After  repeated 
appeal  on  my  part,  and  two  or  three  tinkering  attempts  to 
remedy  the  evil,the  sewage  matter  came  up  as  backwash  as  far  as 
the  grate  at  A.  Then  the  authorities  consented  to  spend  money. 
The  drain  was  opened  at  B  (in  the  plan).  I  found  it  running 
under  the  building,  an  ordinary  square  stone  drain,  laid  without 
any  fall  whatever.  It  was'choked  with  sewage.  I  found  there 
existed  a  machine  for  clearing  it,  an  iron  chain  of  which  each 
lick  was  a  yard^long,  armed  at  one  end  with  a  kind  of  scraper. 


155 

This  was  thrust  up  the  drain  link  by  link,  and  worked  about 
until  the  drain  was  thought  to  be  clear.  I  saw  an  exactly 
similar  machine  used  for  clearing  some  of  the  town  drains, 
which  were  in  the  same  state  as  the  one  I  speak  of.  The  sewer 
was  then  traced  under  the  wood  cellar  beneath  the  Infectious 
Diseases  Wards  to  0,  whether  manhole  or  catchpit  I  could 
not  determine,  as  the  drain  ran  in  at  one  side  and  out  at  the 
other  close  to  the  bottom.  As  far  as  C'  the  drain  pipes, 
which  were  proper  glazed  pipes  from  exit  from  building,  were 
choked  with  a  solid  mass  of  sand,  hair,  a  tea  cup,  (fact !) 
mixed  with  ordinary  sewage,  and  so  firmly  were  they  filled 
that  on  being  taken  up,  a  mould  of  the  pipes  could  be  shaken 
out.  From  C'  to  C"  no  drain  whatever  had  been  laid.  From 
C"  a  good  drain  ran  with  a  fall  of  many  inches  per  yard  into 
the  main  sewer.  There  were  no  ventilating  pipes,  no  w.c. 
was  efficiently  trapped,  no  pipes  from  housemaids'  sinks  were 
trapped  at  all.  The  grate  A  was  close  beneath  the  outer  door 
of  the  Accident  Ward.  The  "new  drain :'  from  C  to  main 
sewer  had  been  down  ten  years. 

In  addition  to  all  this,  the  Deadhouse  was  underneath  the 
Infectious  Diseases  Wards,  within  ten  yards  of  the  windows 
of  which  were  the  piggeries.  In  the  summer  months  every 
drop  of  water  used  in  the  house  had  to  be  carried  by  hand 
from  a  well  sunk  in  the  Killas  (an  igneous  rock)  in  the  very 
middle  of  the  building. 

Many  of  these  defects  are  now  altered.  As  a  commentary, 
I  had  these  repeated  throat  attacks,  and  my  successor  died  in 
six  weeks,  after  two  days'  illness,  from  laryngitis  ! 


156 
XIX. 

Gibraltar.— A  conversation. 


(Communicated  by  a  lady). 

"  Mrs.  B,  my  Gibraltar  friend,  called  yesterday,  and  told  me 
all  about  her  husband's  illness,  which  was  typhoid,  as  I 
expected.  He  was  nearly  at  death's  door.  I  give  you  part 
of  our  conversation. 

Mrs.  A  :  Did  you  find  anything  wrong  with  the  house  ? 

Mrs.  B  (not  understanding) :  Wrong  with  the  house ! 
Why,  it's  one  of  the  nicest  houses  in  Gibraltar. 

Mrs.  A  :  Oh  yes,  but  <Hd  you  have  the  drainage  inspected 
with  a  view  to  discovering  the  cause  of  the  disease  ? 

Mrs.  B  :  Oh  no ;  you  see  we  came  away  in  such  a  hurry. 

Mrs.  A :  But  you  surely  do  not  intend  going  back  to  it 
without  having  an  inspection  made  and  getting  things  put 
right? 

Mrs.  B  :  Put  right !  Why,  my  dear  Mrs.  A,  there  cannot 
be  much  wrong,  for  the  drain  is  always  bursting,  then  every- 
thing has  to  be  carried  away. 

Mrs.  A :  Bursting  !  What  makes  it  burst  ? 

Mrs.  B  :  Oh,  because  it  can't  get  away !  All  the  drainage 
is  bad  at  Gibraltar. 

Mrs.  A :  But  perhaps  you  have  no  drains  at  all ;  and  it  is 
a  cesspool  that  bursts. 

Mrs.  B :  Oh  no ;  we  have  a  drain  from  the  house  which 
goes  to  the  main  sewer  in  the  middle  of  the  road,  but  it  takes 
a  sudden  bend,  where  everything  stops,  then  it  all  bursts  up 
near  the  kitchen  door.  There  really  cannot  be  much  wrong 
(she  repeated  this  for  the  second  time),  for  it  bursts  about 
once  a  month. 

This  is  a  good  illustration  of  unconscious  ignorance. 

The  dear  good  lady  wept  over  her  husband's  sufferings,  and 
dwelt  on  the  narrow  escape  she  had  had  of  widowhood,  and 
laughed  over  the  bursting  of  the  drain,  and  would  not  allow 
her  mind  to  dwell  on  the  possibility  of  anything  being  wrong 
there." 


157 

XX. 

Testing  for  leakages  of  sewer  gas  in  pipes 
and  drains. 

I  had  hoped  to  be  able  to  lay  down  some  definite  rules  on 
this  subject,  but,  as  will  have  been  seen,  the  kinds  of  defect 
and  points  of  leakage  are  so  numerous  that  it  is  not  easy  to 
define  a  test  that  shall  be  always  easily  applicable. 

Some,  however,  of  the  most  readily  available  methods  may 
be  mentioned,  such  as — 
A. — Those  which  appeal  to  the  eye, 

ex.  gr.y  the  flame  of  a  lighted  taper  held  over  an 
untrapped  pipe,  or  defective  joint,  or  at  the  crevices  in 
the  floor  covering  a  defective  drain.  ( Vide  plate  III.) 
Mr.  Wheelhouse,  of  Leeds,  tells  me  of  the  successful  use  of 
burning  straw.  A  drain  was  opened  outside  a  house  and 
straw  was  burnt  inside  the  drain,  and  in  a  short  time  the 
smoke  was  discovered  at  many  points  in  the  house,  drawn  by 
the  fires  through  defects  in  pipes  and  drains.  On  the  subject 
of  "  smoke  testing,"  as  practically  carried  out  by  sanitary 
engineers,  Mr.  W.  P.  Buchan,  of  Glasgow,  has  most  kindly 
given  me  the  following  information  : — "  For  the  last  five 
years  I  have  used  (  Watts'  Yermin  Asphyxiator."*  The 
indiarubber  is  inserted  into  the  top  of  a  Buchan's  trap, 
whence  the  smoke  proceeds  along  the  inside  of  the  drain,  and 
up  the  soil-pipe,  and  out  above  the  roof.  If  leakages  exist 
in  the  drains,  &c.,  the  smoke  may  come  out  at  these  in  the 
house,  in  some  cases  being  seen  quite  plainly  issuing  from  the 
holes.  The  materials  I  have  hitherto  been  using  for  testing 
are  waste  which  has  been  used  to  wipe  machinery,  and 
sulphur,  so  that  we  both  see  the  smoke  and  feel  the  smell  of 
sulphur  in  the  house  tested  if  drains,  &c.,  are  leaking.  In 
some  cases  one  may  be  walking  through'  clouds  of  smoke 
after  a  minute  or  so  of  application  of  the  machine." 

*  John  Watts  &  Co.,  Broad  Weir  Works,  Bristol. 


158 

B. — Those  which   appeal   to  the   sense  of  smell, 

ex.  yr.,  by  pouring  in  at  one  or  more  points  of  the  supposed 
defective  drain  some  substance  of  powerfuFodour  easily 
diffusible,  the  leaky  points  may  be  detected  by  the  strong 
smell.  Such  are,  Ether,  the  vapour  of  which  is  however 
highly  inflammable— Oil  of  mint  of  the  cheap  variety, 
convenient,  because  it  is  very  effective  even  in  small  bulk — 
Crude  petroleum  and  common  gas  liquor  useful  for 
testing  communications  of  main  drains  with  buildings. 
"  The  plan  usually  adopted  is  to  pour  down  each  manhole 
about  15  gallons  of  the  gas  liquor  at  the  highest  point  of 
each  main  drain.  Then  on  examination  of  the  drains 
from  sinks,  baths,  and  w.c's.,  the  smell  readily  betrays 
the  communication.  The  crude  tar  oil  is  explosive  if  a 
light  be  applied.  Gras  liquor  is  not  inflammable." 

(DR.  CRICHTON  BROWNE.) 


159 

APPENDIX. 


Extracts  from  bye-laws  with  respect  to  new  streets  and 
buildings,  issued  by  the  Council  of  the  Borough  of  Leeds, 
and  allowed  by  the  Local  Government  Board,  July  12, 
1878  :— 

§  4.  No  person  shall  construct  any  foundation  of  a  new 
building  on  a  site  which  has  been  previously  used  as  a  place  for 
depositing  night  soil,  refuse,  or  any  offensive  material  which 
may  have  rendered  such  site  liable  to  cause  buildings  erected 
thereon  to  be  unhealthy,  until  such  refuse  or  offensive 
material  shall  have  been  removed  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  Corporation,  and  such  site  shall  not  be  built  upon 
until  the  same  shall  have  been  approved  by  the  Corporation. 

§  33.  The  person  erecting  any  new  building  shall,  as 
regards  the  construction  of  the  drains  of  such  building,  comply 
with  the  requirements  hereinafter  specified,  namely : — 

(a.)  He  shall  cause  such  building  to  be  provided  with 
sufficient  drains  to  carry  away  the  whole  of  the  waste  water 
and  drainage  from  such  building,  and  with  suitable  and 
sufficient  spouts  and  fall  pipes  for  conveying  the  rain  water 
from  the  roof  of  such  building  to  the  drains. 

(b.)  He  shall  construct  the  lowest  storey  of  such  building 
at  such  a  level  as  will  allow  of  the  construction  of  a  sufficient 
drain  from  such  building  with  an  adequate  fall  in  such  drain, 
and  so  that  such  drain  shall  communicate  with  any  sewer 
into  which  it  may  discharge,  at  a  point  in  the  upper  half 
section  of  such  sewer. 

(c.)  If  there  be  no  sewer  within  a  distance  of  100  feet  from 
such  building,  he  shall  cause  the  drains  to  be  taken  to  a 
cesspool  properly  constructed  in  accordance  with  these  Bye- 
Laws. 

(d.)  He  shall  cause  the  drains  of  such  buildings  to  be  con- 
structed of  good  glazed  stoneware  pipes  or  pipes  of  other 
equally  suitable  material ;  to  be  not  less  than  6  inches 
diameter  for  waste  water  and  water-closet  drains,  and  of  not 


160 

less  than  four  inches  diameter  for  rain  water  drains,  to  be 
laid  with  a  proper  fall  and  with  water-tight  socketted  or  other 
suitable  joints. 

(e.)  He  shall  cause  the  lowest  cellar,  or  basement  storey, 
to  be  provided  with  a  suitable  and  sufficient  drain  for  the 
effectual  drainage  thereof. 

(/!)  He  shall  not  construct  any  drain  so  as  to  pass  under 
any  building,  except  in  any  case  where  any  other  mode  of 
construction  may  be  impracticable,  and  in  that  case  he  shall 
cause  such  drain  to  be  laid  in  the  ground  at  such  a  depth 
that  there  shall  be  in  every  part  a  distance  equal  at  the  least 
to  the  full  diameter  of  the  drain,  between  the  top  of  such 
drain  and  the  finished  surface  of  the  ground,  and  he  shall 
cause  such  drain  to  be  laid  in  a  direct  line  for  the  whole 
distance  beneath  such  building,  and  to  be  embedded  in  and 
surrounded  with  good  and  solid  concrete  at  least  six  inches 
thick  all  round. 

(</.)  He  shall  in  the  case  of  any  back- to-back  house,  which 
is  unprovided  with  any  open  space  appurtenant  thereto,  cause 
the  inlet  to  the  drain  or  drains  from  such  house  to  be  at  a 
point,  as  near  as  may  be  practicable  to  any  external  wall  of 
such  house,  and  he  shall  cause  such  inlet  to  be  provided  with 
a  suitable  trap. 

He  shall  cause  every  pipe  for  conveying  waste  water  from 
such  house  to  the  drain,  to  discharge  immediately  into  the 
trap. 

He  shall  also  cause  such  waste  pipe  to  be  of  lead  or  iron, 
and  of  not  less  than  two  inches  diameter  interior  measure- 
ment. 

(h.)  He  shall  not  construct  in  the  drains  any  right  angled 
junction,  whether  vertical  or  horizontal,  but  he  shall  cause 
every  branch  or  tributary  drain  to  join  another  drain  obliquely 
in  the  direction  of  the  flow  of  such  drain. 

(i.)  He  shall  not  allow  any  inlet  to  any  drain  to  be  made 
within  any  building,  except  such  inlet  as  may  be  necessary 
from  the  apparatus  of  any  water-closet,  and  he  shall  cause 


161 

the  waste  pipe  from  every  sink,  bath,  or  lavatory,  the  over- 
flow pipe  from  aiiy  cistern  and  every  pipe  for  carrying  off 
waste  water,  to  be  furnished  with  a  syphon  trap,  and  to  be 
taken  through  an  external  wall  of  such  building,  and  to 
discharge  in  the  open  air  over  a  channel  leading  to  a  trapped 
gulley  grating.  Provided  that  the  requirements  of  this  clause 
shall  not  apply  in  the  case  of  any  back-to-back  house,  which 
is  unprovided  with  any  open  space  appurtenant  thereto. 

(j.)  He  shall  in  every  case  cause  the  drains  to  be  furnished 
with  a  shaft  from  the  exterior  drain,  not  less  than  two  inches 
and  a  half  in  diameter,  communicating  with  the  outer  air 
above  the  eaves  spouts. 

(k.)  He  shall  cause  the  drains  to  be  efficiently  trapped  at 
some  point  near  to  their  outfall,  and  he  shall  cause  suitable 
and  sufficient  means  of  ventilation  to  be  provided  in  such 
drains.  He  shall  also  cause  every  inlet  to  such  drains,  except 
such  as  may  be  provided  for  the  ventilation  thereof,  to  be 
properly  trapped. 

§  34.  Before  commencing  the  erection  of  a  new  building  in 
any  street,  the  Owner  or  Builder  shall,  if  there  be  a  main  sewer 
or  drain  within  100  feet  of  the  site  of  such  new  building, 
make  a  connecting  drain  or  sewer  from  such  site  to  such  main 
sewer  or  drain  at  such  a  depth  as  to  carry  off  from  the  lowest 
excavations  for  a  basement  of  such  new  building  all  the  water 
capable  of  being  carried  off  by  such  sewer  or  drain,  and  shall 
thereby  or  otherwise  prevent  such  water  from  flowing  into  the 
basement  of  cellars  of  any  adjoining  or  neighbouring  buildings 
or  into  the  walls  thereof. 

§  35.  No  person  shall  construct  a  Cesspool  in  any  case  where 
an  accessible  outlet  sewer  is  situated  within  100  feet  from  the 
dwelling-house  or  building  to  be  drained. 

§  36.  Every  person  who  shall  construct  a  Cesspool  in  connec- 
tion with  a  building  shall  construct  such  Cesspool  at  a  distance 
of  15  feet  at  the  least  from  a  dwelling-house  or  public  building, 
or  any  building  in  which  any  person  may  be,  or  may  be 
intended  to  be  employed  in  any  manufacture,  trade  or  business* 


162 

§  37.  A  person  who  shall  construct  a  Cesspool  in  connection 
with  a  building  shall  not  construct  such  Cesspool  within  the 
distance  of  18  feet  from  any  water  supplied  for  use,  or  used, 
or  likely  to  be  used  by  man  for  drinking  or  domestic  purposes, 
or  for  manufacturing  drinks  for  the  use  of  man,  or  otherwise 
in  such  a  position  as  to  endanger  the  pollution  of  any  such  water. 
Provided  always  that  the  foregoing  requirements  shall  not 
apply  where  such  water  is  supplied  by  the  Corporation  and 
conveyed  in  metal  pipes. 

§  38.  Every  person  who  shall  construct  a  Cesspool  in  connec- 
tion with  a  building,  shall  construct  such  Cesspool  in  such  a 
manner  and  in  such  a  position  as  to  afford  ready  means  of 
access  to  such  Cesspool,  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing  such 
Cesspool  and  of  removing  the  contents  thereof,  and  in  such  a 
manner  and  in  such  a  position  as  to  admit  of  the  contents  of 
such  Cesspool  being  removed  therefrom,  and  from  the  premises 
to  which  such  Cesspool  may  belong  without  being  carried 
through  any  dwelling-house  or  public  building,  or  any 
building  in  which  any  person  my  be  or  may  be  intended  to 
be  employed  in  any  manufacture,  trade,  or  business. 

He  shall  not  in  any  case  construct  such  Cesspool  so  that  it 
shall  have,  by  drain  or  otherwise,  any  outlet  into  or  means 
of  communication  with  any  sewer. 

§  39.  Every  person  who  shall  construct  a  Cesspool  in  con- 
nection with  a  building,  sjiall  construct  such  Cesspool  of  good 
brickwork  in  cement  properly  rendered  inside  with  cement, 
and  with  a  backing  of  at  least  9  inches  of  well  puddled  clay 
around  and  beneath  such  brickwork. 

He  shall  also  cause  such  Cesspool  to  be  arched  or  otherwise 
properly  covered  over,  and  to  be  provided  with  adequate 
means  of  ventilation. 

§  40.  Every  person  who  shall  construct  a  "Water-closet  or 
Earth-closet  in  a  building  shall  construct  such  Water-closet  or 
Earth-closet  in  such  a  position  that  one  of  its  sides,  at  the 
least,  shall  be  an  external  wall. 


163 

§  53.  Every  person  who  shall  construct  a  water-closet  in 
connection  with  a  building  used  or  intended  to  be  used  as  a 
dwelling-house  or  shop,  shall  cause  such  water-closet  to  be 
provided  with  a  4-inch  internal  diameter  soil  pipe  of  lead  or 
iron,  which  shall  be  continued  upwards  without  diminution 
of  its  diameter  and  (except  where  unavoidable)  without  any 
bend  or  angle  being  formed  in  such  soil  pipe  to  such  a 
height,  and  in  such  a  position  as  to  afford,  by  means  of  the 
open  end  of  such  soil  pipe,  a  safe  outlet  for  sewer  air. 

§  58.  Every  person  who  shall  intend  to  let  for  occupation,  or 
being  the  owner  thereof,  shall  occupy  as  a  dwelling-house 
any  new  building  of  which  the  rateable  value  is  under  £20, 
shall  give  seven  clear  days'  notice  thereof  to  the  Corporation. 
Such  notice  shall  not  be  given  until  the  building  is  actually 
completed,  and  shall  be  delivered  at  the  office  of  the  Building 
Inspector  of  the  Sanitary  Authority,  at  Leeds,  and  such 
building  shall  not  be  occupied  as  a  dwelling-house  until  the 
drainage  thereof  has  been  made  and  completed,  or  until  such 
building  has  after  examination  been  certified  by  the  Surveyor 
to  be  fit  for  human  habitation,  and  the  Surveyor  shall  give 
a  certificate  to  that  effect  if  he  is  satisfied  after  examination 
that  such  building  is  fit  for  human  habitation. 

§  65.  Such  person  shall  also,  before  proceeding  to  cover  up 
any  sewer  or  drain,  or  any  foundation  of  a  Building,  deliver  or 
send,  or  cause  to  be  delivered  or  sent  to  the  said  Surveyors, 
two  days'  notice  in  writing,  in  which  shall  be  specified  the 
date  on  which  such  person  will  proceed  to  cover  up  such 
sewer,  drain,  or  foundation. 


164 


INDEX. 


The  Roman  numerals  refer  to  the  Plates,   the  small  figures  to  the  pages  of 
descriptive  letter-press. 

Additions  to  house,  built  over  forgotten  drains,  XXXVII.,  75 
Age  of  leaden  soil-pipes,  danger  from,  XXIV.,  49 

Air,  fresh,  how  to  admit  into  carriages,  LXX.,  143  ;  into  rooms,  LXVIII., 
137,  III.,  5. 

from  drains  circulating  through  house,  III.,  5  (see  also  Seiver-gas) 

,  provisions  for  admission  of,  III.,  5,  LXVIII.,  137 

,  quantity  required  to  feed  chimney,  III ,  5 

Air-brick  giving  passage  to  sewer-gas,  148 
Air-grate  for  passage  of  air  through  soil-pipe,  XX.  (2),  41 
Angles,  pipes  joined  at,  cause  of  leakage,  XL VI.,  93 
Arsenical  wall-papers,  their  dangers,  LXVIL,  135 
Ash-pit,  refuse  from,  for  mortar  and  plaster,  LV.,  Ill 

Basin  and  syphon  to  replace  pan-closet,  XXI.  (2),  43 

Bath,  pipes  from,  badly  arranged,  VII.  (A,  B,  C),  13,  I.,  1 

,  properly  arranged,  VII.  (D),  13,  II.,  3 

,  waste-pipe  into  drain  cut  off  and  left  open,  XV.,  29 

,  opening  untrapped  into  fall-pipe,  XVI.,  31 ;  into  soil-pipe, 

I.,  1 

Bedroom-window,  sewer-gas  passing  into,  from  fall-pipe,  XVII. ,  33 

Bedrooms,  passage  of  sewer-gas  into,  XIII.  25,  IX.  17,  XI.,  21,  XII.,  23, 
XV.,  29,  XVI.,  31,  XVII.  33,  XVIII.,  36,  XX.,  39,  XXIV.,  49,  XXX., 
61,  LXIL,  125,  XXXI.,  63,  XL.  81,  XLIX.,  99,  LXIII.,  127,  147,  148 

Beer  tainted  by  sewer-gas  in  larder,  XXVI.,  53 

Bell-trap,  illusory  protection  afforded  by,  L.,  101 

Bell- wire  tubes  as  conductors  of  sewer  gas,  XVII.,  153. 

Bend  properly  formed  in  drain-pipes,  XL VI.,  93 

,  sudden,  causing  bursting  of  pipes,  156 

"  Black  damp  "  caused  by  escape  of  sewage,  XXIV.,  49 

Boiler,  water  in,  fouled  by  sewer-gas,  XIV.,  27 

Brougham,  window-ventilator  in  roof  of  a,  LXX. ,  143 

Burning  straw,  smoke  from,  to  detect  leakage  of  sewer-gas,  157 

Bursting  of  drains  at  Gibraltar,  156 

Butler  falling  into  unsuspected  cesspool  in  wine-cellar,  XXXVIII.,  77 

Bye-laws  of  the  Borough  of  Leeds,  extracts  from,  159 

Candle-flams  at  key-hole,  lessons  to  be  learnt  from,  III.,  5 

for  detection  of  flaws  in  joints,  XLV.,  91,  157 

Carr,  Mr  H.,  on  arsenical  wall-papers,  135 


165 

Cellars  damp  from  slop  water,  LXL.  123 

,  sewage  in,  XXXVI.,  73,  150;  LIV.  109 

Cesspool  below  bedroom-window,  147 

,  chinks  in  side  of,   LXIV.,   129;  faulty  to  laundry,  LXIV.,  129; 

formed  by  leaking  pipes,  XL VI.,  93  ;  by  obstructed  pipe,  LXIIL,  127  ; 
by  termination  of  drain -pipe,  73 ;  formed  in  disused  well  under  house, 
XXXIX.,  79  ;  formed  under  hall  by  leaking  stone  drain,  XL.,  81 

overflowing  into  basement  of  house,  XXXVI. ,   73,   119;  into  rain- 
water tank,  XXXI.,  63 ;  XXXV.,  71 ;  into  well,  XXXIIL,  67 

under  new  dining-room,  XXXVTL,  75 ;  unsuspected  in  wine-cellar, 

XXXVUL,  77  ;  unventilated  save  into  house  or  through  fall -pipe,  42, 
XXXI.,  63 

Cesspools  in  Edinburgh,  119 

,  Leeds  Bye-laws  regarding,  161,  163 

under  London  houses,  UX.,  119 

Chimney,  ventilating  pipe  of  drain  ending  in,  XVIII.  (A),  35 

-  near  top  of,  XVIII.  (B),  35 

Churchyard,  infiltration  from,  into  cellars,  LX.,  121 

Cistern  for  house  distinct  from  w.c.  cistern,  II.,  3 

overflow  pipe  from,  passing  into  open  air,  XX.  (2),  41  :  into  soil-pipe, 

XX.  (1),  41,  43 

supplying  boiler,   overflow  pipe  from,    passing  direct    into    drain, 

XIV.,  27 

Common  sanitary  faults  of  ordinary  houses,  I.,  1 

Connection,  defective,  of  waste-pipe,  XLJV  ,  89 

Continental  health  resorts,  their  dangers,  LXH.,  125 

Continental  hotel,  drain  in  central  court  of,  148 

Cotton- wool  for  exclusion  of  dust  in  ventilation,  LXIX.,  141 

County  Infirmary,  condition  of  drains  in  a,  154 

Covering  of  drains,  Leeds  Bye-laws  regarding,  163 

Crowbar,  tapping  with,  to  discover  spaces  under  stone  floor,  XXX.,  61 

Curves  in  drains  made  by  straight  pipe%  XL VI.,  93 

Dairies,  fissures  leading  to  drains  in  floors  of,  for  sweepings,  XXVII. ,  56 

Sanitary  inspection  of,  why  necessary,  XXXIV.,  69 

Dangers  from  neighbours'  drains,  XLIL ,  85 

Dead-house  in  Hospital,  under  infectious  diseases  wards,  155 

Defective  junction  of  pipes  and  drains,  I.,  1.  (see  also  Junctions) 

"Diffuser,"  (Harding's),  for  preventing  draughts,  LXVIIL,  139 

Dining-room  over  cesspool,  XXXVII.,  75 

Diphtheria  from  sewage-emanations,  XXXVI.,  73,  in  houses  with  manure 

heap  against  wall,  LXV.,  131. 

Dirt,  how  to  exclude  in  ventilating  rooms,  LXVIIL,  137 
Disconnection  of  waste-pipes  from  drain-pipes,  V.,  9 
Dish-stone  in  larder  leading  to  drain,  XXVI.,  53 
scullery  leading  to  rain-water  tank,  with  overflow  direct  into 

drain,  XXVIII.,  57 
D.*ain  carried  across  upper  part  of  well,  XXXIV.,  69 

over  instead  of  through  a  rock,  LII.,  105 

common  stone,  under  tiled  hall  leaking  and  forming  a  cesspool.  XI;.,  81 

communicating  with  rain-water  tank,  XXVIII.,  57 


166 


Drain,    damage  to  by  rats  runs,  XXXII.,  65 

,  fall  of,  defective,  XLIX.,  99,  LIII.,  107 

,  how  to  tap,  XLVIL,  95 


-  led  up  hill,  XLIX.,  99,  LXIV.,  129,  95 

-  made  of  imperfect  tubes,  XLIV.,  89,  XLIIL,  87 
—  not  connected  with  main  sewer,  89,  149,  150 


outside  house,  XX.,  41,  II.,  3 

,  settling  of,  and  leakage  from,  LXL,  123 

terminating  in  soil  and  forming  cesspool,  73 

under  house,   and  obstructed,  LXIIL,   127,    153,    and  with  joints 

leaking,  I.  1 

ventilated  into  roof,  I.  1,  146 

Drainage  at  Gibraltar,  156 

defects  of,  how  influencing  vaccination,  LXVL,  133 

Drain-pipes,  defective,  trade  in,  XLIII.,  87  ;  disconnected  and  disconnected, 

L.   101  ;  imperfect  and  with  unluted  joints,  XLIV.,  89,  XLIX.,  99  ; 

leaking  into  well,   XXXII.,  65,  XXXIX.,  79 ;  materials  for  joining, 

117. 

Drain-work,  how  "scamped,"  XLIIL,  87,  XLIX.,  99,  XLIV.,  89. 
Drains,  obstructions  in  (see  Obstructions)  how  to  test  for,  LXIV.,  129 

of  buildings,  Leeds  Bye-laws  regarding,  159 

of  house  sealed -up  during  making  of  new  sewer,  149 

,  search  for,  in  absence  of  plans,  LVIL,  115 

Draughts,  irregular,  in  rooms,  how  to  stop,  III.,  5,  LXVIII..  137 
Drawn  lead-pipes,  their  advantages,  XXIV.,  49 
Dust,  how  to  exclude  from  glass-cases,  LXIX.,  141 

Earth-closets  in  buildings,  Leeds  Bye  law  regarding,  162 

Edinburgh,  old  cesspools  under  houses  in,  119 

Erysipelas  due  to  bad  drainage,  XVI.,  31,  XLIX.,  99,  152,  153 

attending  vaccination,  due  to  cesspool  under  window,  LXVL,  133 

Ether  poured  into  drain  to  detect  leakage  in  drain -pipes,  158 
Evaporation  of  water  in  traps,  a  cause  of  escape  of  sewer-gas,  IX.,  17 
Exclusion  of  dirt  from  air  supplied  to  rooms,  LXVIII.,  137 
Eyelet  for  new  junction  in  pipe  already  laid,  XLVIL,  96 

Fall,  defective,  of  drain,  XLIX  ,  99,  LIII.,  107,  L,  1,  153 

Fall  of  pipe  from  water-tank  to  sewer  in  wrong  direction,  XXXV,  71 

Fall-pipe  communicating  directly  with  the  drain,  XVI ,  31,  XVII.,  33 

conducting  foul  air  from  tank,  L,  1,  XXXI.,  63 

discharging  into  gulley,  II.,  3 

False  roof,  w.c.  ventilated  into,  146;  soil-pipe  ventilated  into,  146 

Fires,  effect  of,  in  drawing  air  from  drains,  IV.,  7 

Flame  of  candle,  as  indicating  source  of  air  supplied,  III. ,  5 

to  detect  leakage  of  sewer-gas,  157 

' '  Floral  Art  Ventilator,"  140 

Foundations,  sinking  of,  a  cause  of  open  pipe-joints,  XLI.,  83 

Freshness  of  atmosphere  in  rooms,  means  for  securing,  LXVIII.,  139 

Gas  liquor  for  testing  for  leakages  in  drain-pipes,  158 


167 

Gibraltar,  condition  of  drains  in,  156 

Glass-cases,  exclusion  of  dust  from,  LXIX.,  141 

Grates,  open,  in  cellar,  for  purpose  of  swilling  floor,  XXVI.,  53 

Gratings  in  drains  obstructing  flow,  152 

Graveyard,  infiltration  from,  into  cellars,  LX.,  121 

Gullies,  description  of,  V.,  9 

,  Leeds  Bye-laws  relating  to,  161 

— ,  their  advantages,  II,  3,  V.,  9,  31 

Hall,  cesspool  formed  under,  by  leaking  stone  drain,  XL.,  81 
"  Harding's  Diffuser,"  for  preventing  draughts,  LXVIIL,  139 
Highland  Shooting  Lodge,  defects  of  drainage  in,  LXIV.,  129 
Holes  in  pipes  for  junctions,  XLVIL,  95 

caused  by  rats,  XIX.,  37,  151 

Hot-bed  against  side  of  house,  ill  effects  of,  LX  V.,  131 

Hotel,  Continental,  drains  in,  148 

House  costing  £3000,  but  with  drains  of  "  seconds  "  pipes,  89 

drain,  proper  position  of,  II.,  3 

under  floor  of  room,  I.,  1  ;  under  house,  XLIX.,  99;  LI.,  103 

with  every  sanitary  arrangement  faulty,  I.,  1 

faulty  sanitary  arrangements  avoided,  II.,  3 

Houses  built  on  unhealthy  rubbish  heaps,  LVL,  113 

,  necessity  for  plans  of  drains  of,  LVIL,  115 

Housemaid's  sink,  untrapped,  and  discharging  into  soil-pipe,  XIII.,  25,  L,  1 
,  water  from,  keeping  cellar  damp,  LXL,  123 

Illness  after  vaccination,  from  drainage  faults,  LXVI.,  133 

caused  by  old  papers  remaining  on  walls,  135  ;  from  arsenical  wall 

papers,  LXVIL,  135 

instances  of,  due  to  sewage  emanations,  LIL,   105,  LX.,  121,  LXL, 

123,  99,  103,  105,  146,  147,  149, 151,  153  (see  also  Typhoid  Fever,  Ery- 
sipelas, etc.) 

"Jerry  builders  "  and  their  dealings,  XLIIL,  87  ;  LV.,  Ill ;  LVL,  113 

"Jerry  veal"  and  its  analogies  in  the  building  trade,  XLIII.,  87 

Joints,  imperfect,  of  soil-pipe  allowing  escape  of  sewer-gas  into  house  XX.  (I) 

39,  XLV.,  91 ;  of  fall-pipe  leading  to  drain,  XVI.,  31,  148 
of  drain  gaping,  from  sinking  of  foundations,  XLL,  83,  XLIL,   85, 

LXL,  123 

of  soil-pipe  made  of  brown  paper  and  red  lead,  153 

"Junctions"  badly  made,  XLVIL  (A),  95,  L.,  101  ;  proper,  XLVIL  (B),  95  ; 

broken  pipes  at,  XLIX. ,  99,  XXXIX.,  79  ;  complete  absence  of,  LI., 

103;  defective,  of  ventilating  pipe  with  soil-pipe,  147 

Keeping  cellar,  untrapped  sink-stone  in,  XXV.,  51 

Kitchen  and  larder  fouled  by  sewage -emanations,  LXIL,  125,  XXXVI.,   73 

,  passage     of     sewer-gas    into,    through    overflow-pipe  of    cisterr. 

Kitchen-sink  trapped  and  disconnected  from  drain.  II.,  3 
untrapped,  VI.,  11,  L,  1,  31 


168 

Lady's,  A,  method  of  testing  and  inspecting  drains,  LXIV.,  129 

Lavatories  and  baths,  defects  in,  and  how  to  remedy,  VII.,  13 

Lavatory  in  bedroom  trapped,  but  discharging  into  soil-pipe  of  w.c.,  XII.,  23 

,  overflow  of,  joining  waste-pipe  below  trap,  X.,  19 

,  waste-pipe  of,  passing  untrapped  into  drain-pipe,  XI.,  21,  I.,  1 

,  properly  trapped,  II.,  3 

Lead-pipes,  age  of,  XX.,  39  ;  eaten  through  by  rats,  XIX.,  37  :  by  sewer-gas, 

XX.,  39 ;  joined  with  putty,  XLV.,  91  ;  seams  in,  XX.,  39 
Leakage  into  soil  from  pipes  laid  the  wrong  way,  XLVIIL,  97 
of  sewer-gas  in  pipes  and  drains,  how  to  test  for,  157,  XIX.,  37, 

III.,  5,  XLV.,  91,  XXIV.,  49 
Leeds,  Borough  of,  extracts  from  Bye-laws  of,  159 
Lime  from  tan-pits  used  for  making  mortar,  LV.,  Ill 
London  houses,  old  cesspools  under,  LIX.,  119 
Luting,  drain-pipes  without,  XLIX.,  99 ;   lead-pipe  passed  into  drain-pipe 

without,  XLIV.,  89 

Manure,  soakings  from,  entering  wells,  XXXIV.,  69 

Manure-heap  against  house  wall,  LXV.,  131 

Mayfair,  discovery  of  pit  containing  remains  of  cattle  under  house  in,  119 

Meat  tainted  by  sewer-gas  in  larder,  XXVI.,  53 

Milk  made  poisonous  by  use  of  contaminated  well-water,  XXXIV.,  69 

Milk  tainted  by  drains  of  dairy,  XXVII.,  55 

sewer-gas  in  larder,  XXVI.,  53 

Mortar  made  from  lime  used  in  tan-pits,    111  ;    from  road-scrapings  and 

midden  refuse,  LV.,  Ill 
Museums,  how  to  exclude  dust  from  cases  in,  LXIX..  141 

Neighbours'  drains,  dangers  from,  XLIL,  85 

New  drains  not  connected  with  sewer,  150,  LL,  103 

New  made  ground,  drains  in,  precautions  regarding,  XLL,  83 

Nursery,  sewer-gas  in,  LXVL,  133,  146 

Obliteration  of  old  drains  and  cesspools,  necessity  for,  XXXVII.,  75 

Obstructed  drains  in  new  houses,  153. 

Obstruction  to  flow  of  sewage,  from  carrying  12-inch  pipes  into  2-inch  ones, 
109  ;  from  improper  junctions,  XL  VII.,  96,  XLIV.,  89,  L.,  101  ;  from 
interpolating  6-inch  pipe  between  two  smaller  ones,  LIV.?  109  ;  from 
old  wall-papers  being  thrown  into  drain,  149 ;  from  roots  in  pipes, 
LVIIL,  117,  LXIV.,  129  ;  from  sand,  hair,  &c.,  154 ;  from  settling  of 
pipes,  LXL,  123  ;  from  sudden  bends,  156  ;  from  taking  curved 
tubes  over  rock,  LII.  (A),  105  ;  from  vermin  traps  or  grates,  152 

Occupation  of  new  houses,  Leeds  Bye-laws  regarding,  163 

Oil  of  mint  poured  into  drains  to  detect  leakage  in  pipes,  158 

Open  drain-joints,  from  giving  way  of  foundation,  XLL,  83,  XLIL,  85  ;  from 
imperfections  of  tubes,  XLIV.,  89 ;  from  pipes  laid  the  wrong  way, 
XLVIIL,  97  ;  from  putty-joints,  XLV.,  91 ;  from  using  straight  tubes 
for  curves,  XLVL,  93 ;  from  want  of  luting,  XLIX.,  99 ;  how  to  detect, 
XIX.,  37,  157 

Outlet  for  sewer-air  from  W.O.,  Leeds  Bye-law  regarding,  163 

Overflow-pipe  from  cesspool  at  higher  level  than  inlet,  LXIV.,  (2)  129 

of  bath  into  soil-pipe  VII.  (A,  B),  13,  L,  1 

open  air,  VII.  (0,  D),  13,  II.,  3 


169 

Overflow-pipe  of  cistern  into  drains,  XIV.,  27,  XX.,  41,  IX.,  17.  L,  1,  33 

open  air,  II.,  3 

Pan-closet,  XXI.,  43,  XX.,  39,  I.,  1 

substitute  for,  XXI.,  43,  XX.,  39 

Paper  containing  arsenic  on  walls  of  room,  LXVII.,  135 

,  old,  on  walls  of  room,  135 

Petroleum  for  testing  for  leakages  in  drain -pipes,  158 
Piggeries  close  to  Hospital  windows,  155 
Pipe,  6  inch  between  two  smaller  pipes,  LIV.,  109 
Pipes,  damaged,  used  for  drains,  XLIV.,  89 

laid  with  flange  downhill,  XLVIII.,  97 

Plan  of  drains  seldom  possessed  by  owner  or  tenant,  LVII.,  115 

Plaster  made  from  lime  from  tan-pits,  111  ;  from  road- scrapings  and  midden 

refuse,  LV.,  Ill 

Puerperal  fever  due  to  defective  drainage,  LXIIL,  127 
Putty-joints  in  leaden  soil-pipes,  XLV.,  91,  XX.,  39 

Rain-water  tank  under  floor,  L,  1 

—   with  overflow  direct  into  drain  or  cesspool,  XXVIII.,  57, 

XXXI.,  63,  XXXV.,  71,  L,  1 

without  overflow-pipe,  XXIX.,  59 

Rats,  appearance  of,  in  kitchens,  lesson  to  be  learnt  from,  XIX.,  37,  89 

,  damage  to  leaden-pipes,  caused  by,  XIX.,  37, 

,  runs  made  by,  causing  drain -joints  to  open,  XXXII.,  G5 

Road-scrapings  for  mortar  and  plaster,  LV.,  Ill 
Roof-light  and  ventilation  for  a  brougham,  LXX.,  143 
Roots  of  trees  blocking  drains,  LVIII.,  117,  LXIV.,  129 
Rubbish-heaps,  houses  built  on,  LVL,  113 

Sanitary  inspection  of  dairies,  necessity  for,  XXXIV. ,  69 
Save-all  tray  beneath  w.c.,  with  untrapped  waste-pipe,  XXII..  45 
of  bath-taps  untrapped  and  passing  into  soil-pipe,  VII.  (C),  13, 

1,1 
properly  trapped  and  passing  into  gulley,  II.,  3 

VII.  (D),  13 
Scamped  drain-work,  XLIV.,   89,   XLV.,  91,  XLVL,  93,  LI.,  103,  L.,  101, 

XLIX.,  99,  XLVIL,  95,  LIL,  105,  LIIL,  107,  LIV ,  109 
Screen  in  ventilator  for  cleansing  air,  LXVIIL,  137 
"  Scribner's  Monthly  Magazine  "  remarks  in,  on  pan-closet,  43  ;  on  sanitary 

condition  of  New  York,  113 

"  Seconds,"  or  defective  drain-pipes,  use  of,  XLIII,  87,  XLIV.,  89 
Sewage,  escape  of,  from  defective  fall,  XLIX.,  99,  LIIL,  107 
,  how  it  may  gain  access  to  water,    XXXII.,    65,    XXXIII.,    67, 

XXXIV.,  69 
Sewage-,  liquid,   escape  of,  through  defective  junction,  XLIX.,  99  ;  through 

old  leaden  soil-pipe,  XXIV.,  49 
,  passage  of,  into  disused  well,  XXXIX.,  79  ;  into  rain-water  tank, 

XXXL,  63,  XXXV.,  71 
}  saturating  soil  under  cellar,  LI.,  103;  under  kitchen,  XLIV.,  89, 

93  ;  under  ground-floor,  LIL,   105,   LXIL,    125,   L,    1,  XXIV.,  49, 

XXXVL,  73,  XL.,  81,  XLL,  83,  XLIX.,  99 


170 

Sewer-gas,  diffusion  of,  through  walls,  XLII,  85 

,  escape  of,  from  pipes,  how  to  detect,  157,  XIX.,  37,  XXIV.,  49, 

III.,  5 

}  sometimes  due  to  evaporation  of  water  in  syphon- trap, 

IX.,  17 

— 1  through  defective  joints  in  fall-pipe,  XVI.,  31 ;  in  soil- 
pipe,  XX.  (1),  39,  XLII.,  85,  XLIV.,  89,  XLV.  91 

. passing  horizontally  to  a  room  22  feet  distant,  151 

into  boiler,  through  over-flow  pipe  of  cistern,  XIV.,  27  ; 

into  chimney  through  ventilating  pipe  of  drain,  XVIII.,  35  ;  into  false 
roof,  146 

. — - —  into  house,  from  cesspool  formed  under  hall,  XL.,  82; 

under  dining-room,  XXXVII.,  75  ;  near  bedroom  window,  147  ;  from 
disused  well  near  defective  drains,  XXXIX.,  79  ;  from  rain-water 
tank  connected  with  drain,  XXX.,  61 

into  house,  through  air-brick  near  defective  joint  of  fall- 
pipe,  148;  through  chimney  from  ventilator  of  drain,  XVIII.,  35: 
through  unconnected  soil-pipe,  LI.,  103;  through  dish-stone  in  larder, 
XXVI.,  53 

into  house  through  fall-pipe  and  ventilator  of  soil-pipe 

opening  near  bedroom  window,  XVII.,  33  ;  through  holes  in  soil-pipe, 
XXIV.,  49  ;  through  kitchen  sink-pipe,  IV.,  7 ;  through  overflow-pipe 
of  cistern,  XX.,  41  ;  of  lavatory,  X.,  19  ;  of  rain-water  tank,  XXXI., 
63;  through  untrapped  sink-pipe,  XIII.,  25  I.,  1  ;  through  untrapped 
waste-pipe  of  lavatory,  XL,  21,  I.,  1,  LXVL,  133 

Sink,  discharging  into  fall-pipe,  feeding  tank  under  room,  59  ;  into  soft- 
water  cistern  under  cellar  floor,  XXIX,  59 

over  grating  of  untrapped  drain,  XXV.,  52 

,  waste-pipe,  from,  cut  off  and  left  open,  XV.,  29 

Sink-pipe  passing  into  open  mouth  of  drain-pipe,  XIX.,  37,  XXV,  51 

Sinkstones  in  cellars,  their  dangers,  XXVI.,  53 

Sites  for  buildings,  Leeds  Bye-laws  regarding,  159 

Sitting-room,  soil-pipe  in  corner  of,  XXIII.  47 

Soil-pipe  broken  at  junction  with  drain,  XX.,  39,  XXXIX.,  79 

communicating  with  upper  rooms  of  house,  146 

,  holes  in,  from  age,  XXIV.,  49 

inside  house,  XX.,  39,  I.,  1,  XXIIL,  47,  XXIV.,  49 

,  joints  of,  defective,  XX.  (I),  39,  L,  1,  XXXIL,  65,  XXXIV.,  69, 

XL.,  81,  XLII.,  85,  XLIV.,  89,  XLV.,  91,  XLVL,  93 

missing  drain-pipe  and  discharging  contents  below  ground-floor, 

LIL,  105 

•  not  ending  in  sewer,  but  terminating  in  mass  of  solid  rock,  LI.,  103 

—  outside  house,  II.,  3,  XX.  (2),  41,  XXL,  43 
Soil  Pipe  terminating  above  eaves  XX.,  (2)  41. 

unventilated,  XX.  (1)  41 

ventilated  into  false  roof,  146  ;  into  house,  147 

ventilator  of,  terminating  just  below  bedroom  window,  XVII.  (B)  33 

Sore  throat  from  sewage-emanations,  XXXVI.,  73,  IV.,  7 

Sounding  floor  of  cellars,  necessity  for,  XXX.,  61,  XXXVIII.,  77 

Speculating  builders  :  their  bargains,  XLIIL,  S7,  XLIV.,  89,  LV.,  Ill 

Syphon  sanitary  basins  for  w.c.,  XXL,  45,  XX.,  39 

Syphon-trap,  effect  of  absence  of,  IV.,  7 

•  to  cut  off  sewer-gas  from  soil  pipe,  XX.  (2),  41 


171 

Tank  connected  with  w.c.  overflowing  into  room,  LXIL,  125 

Tea  cup,  a,  obstructing  drains,  155 

Testing  for  leakages  of  sewer -gas,  methods  of,   157,   XIX.,  37,  XXIV.,  49, 

XLV.,  91 

Tobin's  ventilating  tube,  LXVIIL,  137 
Traps,  disused,  dangers  from,  IX.,  17 

—  unsyphoned,  how  produced  and  remedy  for,  VIII.,  15 
Typhoid  fever  at  Gibraltar,  156 

from  drinking  water  polluted  by  typhoid  discharges,  XXXII., 

65 ;  polluted  by  sewage,  XXXIII.,  67,  XXXIV.,  69 

emanations  from  tank  connected  with  w.c.,  LXIL,  125 

receiving  washings  of  sink,  XXIX.,  59 

—  leaking  drains,  XLIL,  85 

niilk  kept  in  foul  dairy,  XX VL,  53,  XXVIL,  55 

sewer-gas    from    cesspool    overflowing    into    basement, 


XXXVL,  73 

— •• through  water- traps,  42 

—  under  dining  room,  XXX  VII., 


75 

—  from  obstructed  pipes,  LIV.,  109 

—  soil  pipe,  147 

—  unsuspected  tank  connected  with  drain, 


XXX.,  61. 

-  through  fall-pipe,  XVII.,  33 

—  untrapped  waste-pipe,  L.,  101 
—  ventilating  pipe  of  drain  ending  in 


chimney,  XVIIL,  35 

Vaccination  and  drainage  faults,  LXVL,  133 
Ventilating  shaft  ending  in  chimney,  XVIIL  (A),  35 

-  near  top  of  chimney,  XVIIL  (B),  35 

-   window,  XVII.  (B),  33 

Ventilating  tube  on  drain  side  of  syphon-trap,  XX.  (2),  42 
Ventilation,  how  to  effect  at  small  cost,   III.,  5  ;  of  carriages,    LXX.,  U3 ; 
without  dirt,  LXVIIL,  137 

-  of  soil-pipes,  II.  3,  XVIL,  33,  XX.  (2),  42,  L,  1,  LXIV.,  129,  163 
Ventilator,  Floral  Art,  140 

Ventilators,  passive,  conditions  for  efficiency  of,  140 
Vicarage,  cellars  in,  "  standing  in  water,"  LXL,  1'23 

i-endered  unhealthy  by  adjoining  grave-yard,  LX.,  121 

Villages,  drinking  water  in,  XXXIL,  65 

Wall  blackened  by  sewage,  XXIV.,  49 

soaked  through  by  manure,  LXV.,  J  31 

Wall-papers,  containing  arsenic,  illness  from,  LXVIL,  135 

—  thrown  into  and  obstructing  drains,  149 

Walls  of  rooms,  old  paper  remaining  on,  LXVIL,  135 

,  passage  of  sewage  through,  XLIL,  85,  XLVL,  93 

plastered  with  mud  and  midden  refuse,  LV.,  Ill 

Waste-pipe  of  bath  and  sink  cut  off,  pipe  open,  XV.,  29 


172 


Waste-pipe  of  bath  trapped,  II.,  3,   VII,  13  ;    untrapped,  I,   1,  XVI.,  31, 

LXVL,  133 

of  kitchen  sink,  itntrapped,  IV.,  7,  L.,  101 

of  lavatory  untrapped,  I,  1,  VII  (A),  13,  LXVI,  133 

projecting  into  drain-pipe  so  as  to  cause  obstruction,  XLI V.,  89 

Waste-water  from  sink-pipe  discharged  into  soft  water  cistern,  XXIX.,  59 

untrapped  drain,  XXV.,  51 

Water  from  boiler  contaminated  by  sewer-gas,  XIV. ,  27 

closet,   faulty    position    of,   XX.  (1),   39,  1,1,   XL.,  81,   LIX.,  119  ; 

improved,  XXI.  (2),  43 ;  proper  position  of,  II,  3,  XX.  (2),  39 ;  old, 

in  centre  of  house,  XXIV.,  49  ;  six  in  centre  of  house,  LXIIL,  128  ; 

ventilated  into  false  roof,  146 

cistern,  with  overflow  into  soil-pipe,  I,  1 

Water-closet,  faulty,  XX.  (1),  39;  XXI.  (1),  43,  I,  1 

with  the  faults  remedied,  XX.  (2),  41,  XXI  (2),  43,  II,  3 

Water-closets,  state  of,  in  a  County  Infirmary,  153 

.position  and  construction  of,  Leeds  Bye-laws  regarding,  162,  163 

Water-tank,  disused  and  unsuspected,  under  cellar  floor,  XXX.,  61 

tightness  of  joints  reduced  by  improper  laying  of  pipes,  XLVIII,  97 

Well  in  or  near  farmyard  receiving  soakings  from  manure,  XXXIV. ,  69 

polluted  by  sewage,  XXXII,  65,  XXXIII,  68,  XXXIV.,  69 

(disused)    under    house    fouled     by    leakage     from    defective    drain. 

XXXIX.,  79 

Wells,  with  drains  carried  through  side  of  or  across,  XXXIV.,  69 
Willow  roots  obstructing  drains,  LVIII,  117,  LXIV.  (A),  129 
Window-ventilator  in  roof  of  a  brougham,  LXX.,  143 
Windows,  admission  of  foul  air  into,  from  fall-pipe,  XVII  (A),  33,  I,  1 

-    ventilator  of  soil-pipe,  XVII.  (B),  33 
Wine-cellar,  misuspeeted  cesspool  in,  XXXVIII,  77 
Wire  with  baize,  for  admission  of  air  and  exclusion  of  dust,  LXIX.,  141 


CHARLES   GOODALL,    PRINTER,    COOKRIDGE   STREET,    LEEDS. 


\. 


September,  1896. 

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8 

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